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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 31.
Published in final edited form as: Subst Abus. 2018 Oct 31;39(4):497–504. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2018.1449169

Table 2.

Multivariate GEE models (one per row) predicting outcomes related to stable housing, alcohol use, and service use in year 2* in a prospective longitudinal 2-year study of a systematically selected homeless sample (N=255) in St. Louis, Missouri

Year 2 Dependent
Variable		 Lifetime
alcohol
use
disorder		 Lifetime
cocaine
use
disorder		 Lifetime
serious
mental
illness		 Stable
housing		 Alcohol
use		 Psych
service
Use		 Substance
service
use		 Medical
service
use		 Male sex Age Minority
group
member
ship
(Significant p values only)
Stable housing Y1 <.001a Y2 .039b .025c
Alcohol use .006d Y1 <.001e Y2 .005f .004g
Psychiatric service use <.001h Y1 .013i Y1 <.001j Y2 .019k Y2 <.001l .020m
Substance service use <.001n Y2 .002o Y2 .017p Y1 <.001q
Medical service use Y2 <.001r Y1 <.001s

Relationships in cells with gray shading are negative. All other listed associations are positive. Y1=Year 1, Y2=Year 2.

*

For independent variables that were measured in both Y1 and Y2 (alcohol use, stable housing, and all services), only Y1 variables were included in models with a Y1 dependent variable, and both Y1 and Y2 variables were included in models with Y2 dependent variable (except for instances in which one of these variables was the same as the dependent variable, in which case the independent variable was not included).

E=Estimate; SE=Standard Error; CI=Confidence Interval

a

E=1.34; SE=0.33; 95% CI=0.69, 1.99; Z=4.07.

b

E=−0.76; SE=0.37; 95% CI=−1.49, −0.04; Z=−2.06.

c

E=−0.94; SE=0.42; 95% CI=−1.77, −0.12; Z=−2.25.

d

E=1.12; SE=0.40; 95% CI=0.33, 1.90; Z=2.77.

e

E=2.25; SE=0.36, 95% CI=1.55, 2.95; Z=6.27.

f

E=1.14; SE=0.41; 95% CI=0.35, 1.94; Z=2.81.

g

E=0.05; SE=0.018; 95% CI=0.02, 0.09; Z=2.84.

h

E=1.49; SE=0.42; 95% CI=0.68, 2.31; Z=3.59.

i

E=−1.06; SE=0.43; 95% CI=−1.90, −0.23; Z=−2.49.

j

E=2.07; SE=0.40; 95% CI=1.28, 2.86; Z=5.12.

k

E=1.15; SE=0.49; 95% CI=0.19, 2.12; Z=2.34.p

l

E=1.92; SE=0.54; 95% CI=0.86, 2.98; Z=3.55.

m

E=−1.03; SE=0.44; 95% CI=−1.90, −0.16; Z=−2.33.

n

E=1.65; SE=0.41; 95% CI=0.85, 2.44; Z=4.06.

o

E=1.16; SE=0.38; 95% CI=0.43, 1.90; Z=3.09.

p

E=1.13; SE=0.47; 95% CI=0.20, 2.05; Z=2.39.

q

E=1.60; SE=0.38; 95% CI=0.84, 2.35; Z=4.15.

r

E=1.74; SE=0.49; 95% CI=0.79, 2.69; Z=3.59.

s

E=2.02; SE=0.36; 95% CI=1.31, 2.73; Z=5.59.