Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Adolescent Boys With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Randomized to Intervention (Low Free Sugar) Diet or Usual Diet.
| Intervention Diet (n = 20) |
Usual Diet (n = 20) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Age at screening, mean (SD), y | 12.8 (1.8) | 13.4 (1.9) |
| Income of household, No. (%) | ||
| <$15 000 | 4 (20) | 4 (20) |
| $15 000-$29 999 | 3 (15) | 9 (45) |
| $30 000-$49 999 | 7 (35) | 4 (20) |
| ≥$50 000 | 2 (10) | 2 (10) |
| Declined to answer | 4 (20) | 1 (5) |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | ||
| Hispanic | 18 (90) | 20 (100) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2 (10) | 0 |
| Dietary intake, median (IQR) | ||
| Total energy intake, kcal | 1420 (1220-1778) | 1721 (1440-1953) |
| Carbohydrates, % of total energy | 49.4 (46.4-54.3) | 50.5 (43.4-55.2) |
| Sugars | 21.6 (14.0-24.2) | 19.5 (14.9-28.9) |
| Added sugars | 9.8 (4.9-14.0) | 11.2 (7.7-19.2) |
| Free sugars | 10.0 (5.2-13.9) | 11.2 (7.0-20.3) |
| Protein, % of total energy | 43.6 (39.5-49.6) | 37.3 (32.8-44.7) |
| Fat, % of total energy | 13.6 (12.7-15.3) | 15.1 (12.7-16.3) |
| Anthropometric assessments, mean (SD) | ||
| Height, cm | 160.7 (9.9) | 164.1 (12.8) |
| Weight, kg | 88.1 (21.5) | 88.7 (26.3) |
| Body mass indexa | 33.7 (5.6) | 32.3 (6.3) |
| z score | 2.38 (0.28) | 2.22 (0.48) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 108.9 (12.3) | 107.7 (16.0) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 116.2 (9.3) | 117.6 (12.5) |
| Diastolic | 66.1 (6.7) | 65.3 (10.9) |
| Lipid levels, mean (SD), mg/dL | ||
| Total cholesterol | 162.1 (42.5) | 157.3 (31.3) |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 100.5 (34.9) | 95.2 (24.1) |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | 40.1 (7.1) | 40.5 (7.2) |
| Triglycerides | 144.2 (83.0) | 148.0 (48.7) |
| Insulin and glucose levels | ||
| Fasting glucose, mean (SD), mg/dL | 91.1 (9.8) | 90.5 (13.9) |
| Insulin, median (IQR), μIU/mLb | 34.0 (26.1-57.8) | 43.8 (32.1-59.2) |
| Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, median (IQR)b | 7.9 (5.2-13.6) | 9.2 (6.8-12.6) |
| Liver enzyme levels, median (IQR) | ||
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 82.0 (57.0-144.0) | 72.5 (57.0-113.5) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 44.0 (32.0-79.0) | 39.0 (34.5-63.5) |
| γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase, mg/dL | 52.5 (24.0-62.5) | 41.5 (28.0-61.5) |
| Hepatic steatosis | ||
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, median (IQR)c | 4 (3-5) | 4 (4-5) |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosis, No. (%) | ||
| Nonalcoholic fatty liverd | 7 (35) | 6 (30) |
| Borderline nonalcoholic steatohepatitise | 9 (45) | 7 (35) |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitisf | 4 (20) | 7 (35) |
| Proton density fat fraction, mean (SD), %g | 25 (11) | 21 (8) |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
SI conversion factors: To convert alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase to μkat/L, multiply by 0.0167; glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555; high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; insulin to pmol/L, multiply by 6.945; triglycerides to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0113.
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
One participant from the intervention group was missing the baseline insulin laboratory measurement.
Based on NASH Clinical Research Network scoring system.20 Score range, 0-8; steatosis, 0-3; hepatocyte ballooning, 0-2; and lobular inflammation, 0-3.
Defined as steatosis with minimal or no inflammation.
Defined as steatosis and zone 1 or 3 liver injury pattern not sufficient to meet diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Defined as steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning injury.
Measured using magnetic resonance imaging.