Table 1. Characteristics of Children and Youths Who Were New Users of Antipsychotic or Control Medications Before Propensity Score Adjustment.

Characteristic	%a
	Control Treatment	Antipsychotic Treatment
		≤50 mg	>50 mg
New users, No.	189 361	28 377	30 120
Prescriptions during follow-up, No.	1 745 206	232 981	414 741
Age at prescription fill, mean (SD), y	12.0 (5.1)	11.7 (4.4)	14.5 (4.8)
Female sex	43.4	32.3	39.2
White race/ethnicity	72.3	60.8	60.6
Disability-related Medicaid enrollment	11.3	25.8	29.7
Standard metropolitan statistical area	55.8	57.7	61.4
Psychiatric conditions in past year
ADHD, conduct disorder, or impulsivity	71.4	76.3	64.1
Major depression	6.0	8.7	14.7
Other mood disorder	18.6	25.8	34.6
Bipolar disorder	2.7	11.1	21.9
Anxiety, including panic disorder	13.2	15.2	19.5
Mild or moderate intellectual disability	0.9	2.8	4.2
Autism or Asperger syndrome	1.4	6.4	6.2
Alcohol or drug abuse	2.5	3.1	7.8
Suicidal tendencies or ideation	1.6	4.3	8.0
Self-harm	1.2	1.9	3.8
Psychiatric inpatient stay	2.5	7.7	15.0
Learning disability	5.6	7.0	5.3
Sleep disorder	5.5	6.0	7.2
Other psychiatric diagnosisb	5.3	7.8	10.1
Psychoactive medications in past 90 d
ADHD medication: psychostimulant, SNRI, or α2-agonist	66.2	61.0	45.1
Study antidepressant: SSRI, SNRI, or mirtazapine	26.9	24.8	30.2
Mood stabilizerc	6.6	13.3	25.0
Cyclic antidepressant	2.6	5.4	3.8
Trazodone	3.9	5.0	8.2
Benzodiazepine or selective benzodiazepine receptor agonist	4.7	3.8	9.8
Anticonvulsants, occasional use as mood stabilizersd	1.8	2.5	5.9
Opioid	11.4	8.7	14.4
Cardiovascular conditions in past year
Arrhythmia	1.2	1.4	1.9
Diabetese	1.9	1.6	2.7
Cardiovascular diagnosis
Other majorf	3.5	3.4	3.5
Other	2.7	2.3	4.0
Smoker	4.3	3.0	8.1
Obesity	3.5	2.3	4.0
Cardiovascular medication
Majorg	1.2	1.0	1.3
Other	3.1	2.3	5.0
Other conditions or medical care in past year
Seizure disorder or convulsionsh	2.9	5.1	6.0
Migraine or other neuropathic pain	7.1	5.6	9.6
Asthmai	28.1	23.8	25.1
Pneumonia	3.1	2.3	2.6
Sleep apnea	1.2	0.7	0.9
Somatic inpatient stay	9.0	6.5	10.1
Pregnancy	4.8	1.7	4.3
Emergency department injury visit	25.3	26.6	30.5
Previous adverse drug reaction	1.8	2.8	4.3
≤2 Outpatient visits	63.9	41.6	43.7

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SNRI, selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

^aWeighted according to the number of prescriptions written during follow-up. Age, calendar year, and psychoactive medication use were determined as of the date of each prescription fill; values of the other variables were fixed at the beginning of follow-up.

^bIncludes antisocial and other personality disorders, dissociative disorder, eating disorder, sexual dysfunction, organic psychoses, and other psychiatric diagnoses.

^cLithium and anticonvulsant mood stabilizers (carbamazepine, divalproex sodium, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, valproate sodium, and valproic acid).

^dGabapentin, pregabalin, lacosamide, levetiracetam, tiagabine, topiramate, and zonisamide.

^eDiagnosis of diabetes or prescription for insulin.

^fAngina, revascularization, myocardial infarction or other coronary heart disease, valve disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, malignant hypertension, and congenital cardiac anomaly.

^gAnticoagulant, antiarrhythmic, digoxin, loop diuretic, nitrate, other antianginal, peripheral vasodilator, and platelet inhibitor.

^hDiagnosis of convulsion or seizure disorder, or prescription for anticonvulsant.

ⁱDiagnosis of asthma or prescription for inhaled corticosteroid, bronchodilator, or β-agonist.