Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants .
| Variable | All Study Visits (N = 911) |
|---|---|
| Main Variables | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 75.3 (6.94) |
| 1-y BC exposure, mean (SD), μg/m3 | 0.51 (0.18) |
| IOP in left eye/right eye, mean (SD), mm Hg | 14.1 (2.81)/14.1 (2.98) |
| Pathway-specific allelic risk scores, No. (%) | |
| Endothelial function, low/high | 391 (42.9)/520 (57.1) |
| Metal processing, low/high | 267 (29.3)/644 (70.7) |
| Oxidative stress, low/high | 288 (31.6)/623 (68.4) |
| Lifestyle and Environmental Variables | |
| Pack-years, mean (SD) | 19.8 (23.6) |
| Temperature, mean (SD), °C | 11.5 (0.98) |
| Alcohol consumption, No. (%) | |
| <2 Drinks/d | 727 (79.8) |
| ≥2 Drinks/d | 184 (20.2) |
| BMI, No. (%) | |
| Healthy/lean | 200 (21.9) |
| Overweight | 484 (53.1) |
| Obese | 227 (24.9) |
| Years of education completed, No. (%) | |
| ≤12 | 237 (26.0) |
| 12-16 | 460 (50.5) |
| >16 | 214 (23.5) |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | |
| Current | 31 (3.4) |
| Former | 595 (65.3) |
| Never | 285 (31.3) |
| Season, No. (%) | |
| Spring | 206 (22.6) |
| Summer | 221 (24.3) |
| Fall | 300 (32.9) |
| Winter | 184 (20.2) |
| Diseases and serum measures, mean (SD) | |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 184 (38.6) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 3.37 (8.85) |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 107 (24.2) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | |
| Diastolic | 71.1 (10.3) |
| Systolic | 128 (17.9) |
| Ischemic heart disease, yes/no, No. (%) | 297 (32.6)/614 (67.4) |
| Diabetes, yes/no, No. (%) | 183 (20.1)/728 (79.9) |
| Glaucoma, yes/no, No. (%) | 86 (9.4)/825 (90.6) |
| Hypertension, yes/no, No. (%) | 700 (76.8)/211 (23.2) |
Abbreviations: BC, black carbon; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IOP, intraocular pressure.
SI conversion factors: To convert blood glucose level to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555; cholesterol level to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0259; C-reactive protein level to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 9.524.