Table 3.
Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of subgroups of fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to incident invasive breast cancer (n=10,911 cases) in Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II.
| Consumption Levels | Ptrend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green leafy vegetable intake | ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 6 servings/week | >6 servings/week to 1 serving/day | >1 servings/day | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 1,500/567,610 | 2,163/659,719 | 1,848/534,085 | 723/213,002 | 1,367/372,934 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 604/403,641 | 870/538,425 | 757/415,130 | 284/177,224 | 785/419,358 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.28 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.03 |
|
| ||||||
| Yellow/orange vegetable intake | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 3 servings/week | >3 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 5 servings/week | >5 servings/week | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 4,108/1,305,886 | 1,657/470,261 | 931/293,064 | 457/129,100 | 458/156,630 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 1,953/1,188,668 | 631/352,322 | 361/191,770 | 154/104,970 | 201/116,123 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.007 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||||
| Tomato intake | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 6 servings/week | >6 servings/week to 1 serving/day | >1 servings/day | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 1,675/595,564 | 3,132/950,188 | 1,815/518,863 | 498/157,262 | 479/128,381 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 750/511,096 | 1,197/658,061 | 794/456,451 | 202/115,244 | 357/212,870 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.05 (1.00–1.11) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) | 0.009 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.21 |
|
| ||||||
| Cruciferous vegetable intake | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 3 servings/week | >3 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 5 servings/week | >5 servings/week | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 3,030/1,024,004 | 1,729/476,923 | 1,190/364,159 | 705/192,392 | 955/297,017 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 1,458/880,950 | 681/385,353 | 466/262,993 | 281/161,688 | 414/262,876 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.91 (0.85–0.96) | 0.0007 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | 0.0002 |
|
| ||||||
| Other vegetable intake | ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 6 servings/week | >6 servings/week to 1 serving/day | >1 servings/day | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 554/222,662 | 2,183/694,458 | 2,286/681,612 | 912/264,363 | 1,676/491,969 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 251/154,205 | 821/490,953 | 905/504,966 | 320/194,177 | 1,003/609,606 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.17 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.06 |
|
| ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 6 servings/week | >6 servings/week to 1 serving/day | >1 servings/day | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 821/322,755 | 1,787/566,451 | 1,836/548,713 | 825/229,135 | 2,342/688,031 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 444/271,768 | 954/577,239 | 823/468,741 | 286/164,045 | 793/472,149 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.89 (0.82–0.95) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables high in α-carotene | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | <2 servings/month | 2 to <4 servings/month | 1 to <2 servings/week | 2 to <3 servings/week | ≥3 servings/week | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 665/191,717 | 2,070/649,455 | 2,586/802,189 | 1,123/316,909 | 1,162/391,617 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 451/284,886 | 889/529,046 | 1,033/599,456 | 471/266,650 | 456/273,655 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.95 (0.88–1.01) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.02 |
|
| ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables high in β-carotene | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤2 servings/week | >2 to 4 servings/week | >4 to 6 servings/week | >6 servings/week to 1 serving/day | >1 servings/day | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 736/301,972 | 1,381/455,777 | 1,697/508,135 | 851/241,899 | 2,946/847,277 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 249/173,435 | 612/379,126 | 696/414,291 | 324/186,699 | 1,419/800,339 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.66 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.86–1.01) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 0.0004 |
|
| ||||||
| Fruits and vegetables high in lutein | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Amount of intake | ≤1 serving/month | >1 to 3 servings/month | >3 to 4 servings/month | >1 to 3 servings/week | >3 servings/week | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHS | 797/254,275 | 1,944/581,492 | 1,410/457,320 | 2,820/820,986 | 630/233,258 | |
| No. of cases/person-years in NHSII | 861/565,092 | 1,084/622,253 | 492/299,831 | 723/389,612 | 140/76,717 | |
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.03 (0.97–1.11) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 0.98 (0.89–1.07) | 0.39 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 0.97 (0.92–1.04) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.07 |
Model 1 stratified by cohort, calendar year, and age in months.
Model 2 stratified by cohort, calendar year, and age in months and adjusted for family history of breast cancer (yes, no), history of benign breast disease (yes, no), height (<1.60, 1.60 to <1.65, 1.65 to <1.70, 1.70 to <1.75, and ≥1.75 meters), BMI at age 18 years (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25.0 to <30, ≥30.0 kg/m2), weight change since age 18 (continuous), smoking (never, past, current 1 to 14/day, current 15 to 24/day, current ≥25/day), physical activity (quintiles of MET-hr per week, missing), oral contraceptive use (never, < 2 years, 2 to <5 years, 5 to <10 years, ≥10 years), alcohol intake (g/day, quintiles), total energy intake (kcal/day, quintiles), age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, 14, >14 years), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity ≤2 and age at first birth <25 years, parity≤2 and age at first birth 25 to <30 years, parity ≤2 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth <25 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth 25 to <30 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 years), and menopausal status, age at menopause, and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and never postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and past postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and current postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and never postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and past postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and current postmenopausal hormone use, missing).