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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2018 Dec 19;144(7):1496–1510. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31653

Table 5.

Time lagged analyses on breast cancer according to fruit and vegetable consumption in pooled data from Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II.

No. of cases Consumption Levels Ptrend
Total fruit and vegetable intake
≤2.5 servings/day >2.5 to 3.5 servings/day >3.5 to 4.5 servings/day >4.5 to 5.5 servings/day >5.5 servings/day
 0–4 year lag 9,362 1 0.95 (0.89–1.01) 0.98 (0.92–1.05) 0.94 (0.87–1.01) 0.94 (0.88–1.01) 0.12
 4–8 year lag 8,584 1 0.98 (0.91–1.05) 0.91 (0.85–0.98) 0.97 (0.90–1.05) 0.99 (0.92–1.06) 0.94
 8–12 year lag 7,529 1 0.90 (0.84–0.97) 0.89 (0.83–0.96) 0.92 (0.85–1.00) 0.90 (0.83–0.97) 0.05
 12–16 year lag 6,083 1 0.95 (0.88–1.03) 0.94 (0.86–1.02) 0.93 (0.85–1.02) 0.89 (0.82–0.97) 0.01
 16–20 year lag 4,631 1 0.97 (0.89–1.06) 0.94 (0.86–1.03) 0.94 (0.85–1.04) 0.89 (0.80–0.98) 0.02
Total fruit intake
≤4 servings/week >4 to 6 servings/week >6 servings/week to 1.5 servings/day >1.5 to 2.5 servings/day >2.5 servings/day
 0–4 year lag 9,362 1 0.99 (0.91–1.06) 0.98 (0.92–1.04) 0.97 (0.91–1.03) 0.93 (0.86–1.01) 0.08
 4–8 year lag 8,584 1 0.99 (0.92–1.07) 0.98 (0.92–1.05) 1.01 (0.94–1.08) 0.97 (0.89–1.05) 0.67
 8–12 year lag 7,529 1 0.95 (0.87–1.03) 0.92 (0.86–0.99) 0.97 (0.90–1.04) 0.96 (0.88–1.04) 0.70
 12–16 year lag 6,083 1 0.99 (0.90–1.08) 0.92 (0.85–0.99) 0.93 (0.86–1.01) 0.91 (0.83–1.00) 0.05
 16–20 year lag 4,631 1 1.03 (0.93–1.13) 0.92 (0.84–1.00) 0.93 (0.85–1.02) 0.91 (0.82–1.02) 0.05
Total vegetable intake
≤1.5 servings/day >1.5 to 2.5 servings/day >2.5 to 3.5 servings/day >3.5 to 4.5 servings/day >4.5 servings/day
 0–4 year lag 9,362 1 0.95 (0.89–1.01) 0.94 (0.88–1.01) 0.94 (0.87–1.01) 0.94 (0.87–1.02) 0.23
 4–8 year lag 8,584 1 0.95 (0.89–1.02) 0.89 (0.83–0.96) 0.95 (0.88–1.03) 0.95 (0.87–1.03) 0.36
 8–12 year lag 7,529 1 0.90 (0.84–0.96) 0.87 (0.81–0.94) 0.91 (0.83–0.99) 0.89 (0.82–0.98) 0.09
 12–16 year lag 6,083 1 0.93 (0.86–1.00) 0.92 (0.84–0.99) 0.91 (0.83–1.00) 0.88 (0.80–0.97) 0.03
 16–20 year lag 4,631 1 0.97 (0.89–1.06) 0.98 (0.89–1.07) 0.93 (0.83–1.04) 0.90 (0.80–1.02) 0.08

Stratified by cohort, calendar year, and age in months and adjusted for family history of breast cancer (yes, no), history of benign breast disease (yes, no), height (<1.60, 1.60 to <1.65, 1.65 to <1.70, 1.70 to <1.75, and ≥1.75 meters), BMI at age 18 years (<18.5, 18.5 to <20, 20 to <22.5, 22.5 to <25, 25.0 to <30, ≥30.0 kg/m2), weight change since age 18 (continuous), smoking (never, past, current 1 to 14/day, current 15 to 24/day, current ≥25/day), physical activity (quintiles of MET-hr per week, missing), oral contraceptive use (never, < 2 years, 2 to <5 years, 5 to <10 years, ≥10 years), alcohol intake (g/day, quintiles), total energy intake (kcal/day, quintiles), age at menarche (<12, 12, 13, 14, >14 years), parity and age at first birth (nulliparous, parity ≤2 and age at first birth <25 years, parity≤2 and age at first birth 25 to <30 years, parity ≤2 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth <25 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth 25 to <30 years, parity 3 to 4 and age at first birth ≥30 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth <25 years, parity ≥5 and age at first birth ≥25 years), and menopausal status, age at menopause, and postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and never postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and past postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause<50 years and current postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and never postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and past postmenopausal hormone use, postmenopausal and age at menopause≥50 years and current postmenopausal hormone use, missing).