Table 1. Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
| Total patients (N = 2,801) |
Thromboembolic events (-) (n = 2,570) |
Thromboembolic events (+) (n = 231) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical findings | ||||
| Age | 55.58 ± 10.97 | 55.21 ± 11.10 | 59.68 ± 8.46 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 2,217 (79.2%) | 2,038 (79.3%) | 179 (77.5%) | 0.516 |
| Body weight (kg) | 70.80 ± 11.21 | 71.00 ± 11.29 | 68.62 ± 10.06 | 0.002 |
| Height (cm) | 168.18 ± 8.26 | 168.30 ± 8.29 | 166.85 ± 7.82 | 0.011 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.97 ± 3.07 | 25.00 ± 3.08 | 24.61 ± 2.90 | 0.065 |
| Heart failure | 139 (5.0%) | 124 (4.8%) | 15 (6.5%) | 0.263 |
| Hypertension | 1054 (37.6%) | 957 (37.2%) | 97 (42.0%) | 0.153 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 266 (9.5%) | 240 (9.3%) | 26 (11.3%) | 0.341 |
| Vascular disease | 226 (8.1%) | 194 (7.5%) | 32 (13.9%) | 0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 1.25 ± 1.26 | 1.06 ± 1.09 | 3.33 ± 1.14 | < 0.001 |
| mCHA2DS2-VASc | 1.08 ± 1.10 | 1.06 ± 1.09 | 1.33 ± 1.14 | < 0.001 |
| Non-paroxysmal AF | 1,145 (40.9%) | 1,022 (39.8%) | 123 (53.2%) | < 0.001 |
| AF duration (years) | 4.72 ± 4.62 | 4.70 ± 4.50 | 4.94 ± 5.77 | 0.524 |
| Echocardiographic findings | ||||
| LA diameter (mm) | 41.16 ± 6.06 | 41.06 ± 6.11 | 42.28 ± 5.37 | 0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 54.77 ± 6.11 | 54.86 ± 6.05 | 53.80 ± 6.64 | 0.020 |
| E/e’ | 8.79 ± 3.38 | 8.68 ± 3.27 | 10.02 ± 4.17 | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg) | 30.63 ± 5.25 | 30.62 ± 5.17 | 30.78 ± 6.01 | 0.684 |
| LAA emptying velocity (cm/sec) | 47.81 ± 21.81 | 48.28 ± 21.94 | 42.74 ± 19.73 | < 0.001 |
| LAA filling velocity (cm/sec) | 49.28 ± 22.89 | 49.77 ± 23.00 | 43.95 ± 20.92 | < 0.001 |
| LAA average velocity (cm/sec) | 48.55 ± 21.24 | 49.03 ± 21.36 | 43.34 ± 19.28 | < 0.001 |
| SEC | 530 (20.6%) | 471 (20.0%) | 59 (27.1%) | 0.013 |
| Dense SEC | 88 (3.4%) | 75 (3.2%) | 13 (6.0%) | 0.031 |
AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage; LV: left ventricle; SEC: spontaneous echocontrast.