Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Patients
| Demographic Factors and Medical History | Patients, No. (%)a | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case Patients (n = 129) | Controls (n = 258) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 67 (13.2) | 69.5 (12.7) | .06 |
| Male sex | 83 (64.3) | 168 (65.1) | .91 |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 25 (22.5) | 28 (14.4) | .11 |
| Race | |||
| White | 91 (84.3) | 189 (82.5) | .73 |
| Black | 10 (9.3) | 24 (10.5) | |
| Asian | 6 (5.6) | 15 (6.6) | |
| Other | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 14 (11.2) | 21 (8.4) | .65 |
| Married | 81 (64.8) | 169 (67.9) | |
| Separated | 3 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | |
| Divorced | 9 (7.2) | 12 (4.8) | |
| Widowed | 18 (14.4) | 44 (17.6) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 37 (29.1) | 66 (27.0) | .37 |
| Unemployed | 13 (10.2) | 19 (7.8) | |
| Homemaker | 2 (1.6) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Student | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Retired | 74 (58.3) | 157 (64.3) | |
| Disability status | |||
| Not disabled or receiving SSI | 104 (83.2) | 218 (91.2) | .19 |
| Disabled, receiving SSI | 15 (12) | 12 (5.0) | |
| Disabled, not receiving SSI | 5 (4) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Not disabled, receiving SSIb | 1 (0.8) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Living situation | |||
| Alone | 24 (19.2) | 47 (19.6) | .19 |
| With family | 96 (76.8) | 178 (74.2) | |
| With health aide | 4 (3.2) | 1 (0.4) | |
| In long-term care facility | 0 (0) | 6 (2.5) | |
| Homeless | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| With a friend | 1 (0.8) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Other | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Tobacco use | |||
| Never smoker | 57 (44.9) | 117 (46.8) | .93 |
| Current smoker | 13 (10.2) | 19 (7.6) | |
| Past smoker | 57 (44.9) | 114 (45.6) | |
| Alcohol abuse | |||
| Never | 116 (93.6) | 223 (94.1) | .96 |
| Currently | 4 (3.2) | 6 (2.5) | |
| Past | 4 (3.2) | 8 (3.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 (47.9) | 93 (36.2) | .04 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 33 (27.5) | 50 (19.6) | .09 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 28 (23.9) | 29 (11.8) | .007 |
| Infection <30 d before surgery | 23 (17.8) | 41 (15.9) | .64 |
| Hypertension | 116 (90.6) | 202 (78.3) | .006 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 100 (81.3) | 194 (76.7) | .36 |
| Heart failurec | 60 (46.5) | 99 (38.4) | .14 |
| COPD | 25 (21.4) | 28 (11.0) | .002 |
| Cirrhosis | 4 (3.4) | 3 (1.2) | .23 |
| Stroke | 14 (11.9) | 19 (7.4) | .13 |
| Dialysis | 5 (3.9) | 6 (2.3) | .40 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 48 (38.7) | 69 (27.1) | .03 |
| Previous sternotomy | 17 (13.2) | 49 (19.1) | .17 |
| Dual antiplatelet therapy | 23 (17.97) | 44 (17.25) | .85 |
| Statin use | 85 (65.9) | 169 (66.3) | .97 |
| Immunosuppressiond | 8 (6.2) | 9 (3.5) | .24 |
| Obesitye | 59 (46.5) | 78 (30.7) | .005 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD, standard deviation; SSI, Supplemental Security Income.
aData represent No. (%) of patients unless otherwise specified. Data were missing for Hispanic ethnicity in 81 patients, race in 50, marital status in 13, employment status in 16, disability status in 23, living situation in 22, tobacco use in 10, alcohol abuse in 26, diabetes in 9, chronic kidney disease in 12, peripheral vascular disease in 24, hypertension in 1, hyperlipidemia in 11, heart failure in 26, COPD in 16, cirrhosis in 14, stroke in 13, dialysis in 1, previous myocardial infarction in 8, previous sternotomy in 1, dual antiplatelet therapy in 3, statin use in 3, immunosuppression in 2, and obesity in 7.
bPatients >65 years old and meeting financial criteria for SSI.
cDefined by a recorded history of congestive heart failure or a left ventricular ejection fraction <40%.
dTaking immunosuppressive medication or known to have human immunodeficiency virus.
eDefined by body mass index >30 kg/m2.