| First Author [Reference No.] (Year) | TR (ms) | TE (ms) | Timing of Arterial, Nephrographic, Delayed Phases | Field Strength (T) | Relative Enhancement (%) or Enhancement Ratio |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arterial Phase | Nephrographic Phase | |||||
| Enhancement characteristics | ||||||
| Sun [25] (2009) | T2, 800–1100; T1 CSI, 180–205; T1 GRE, 3.8–4.5 | T2, 60; T1 CSI, 2.2–2.7 and 4.5–5.2; T1 GRE, 1.8–2.0 | First pass timed to CMD phase using a test bolus of 2 mL of contrast agent [35], and nephrographic phase initiated 20 s after CMD phase | 1.5 | 32.1 ± 21.2a | 96.6 ± 51.0a |
| Cornelis [24] (2014) | T2, 2112; T1 GRE, 182; dynamic GRE, 3.9; DWI, 1500 | T2, 100; T1 GRE, 4.6–2.3; dynamic GRE, 1.8; DWI, 76 | 0, 40, 120, 250 s | 1.5 | 0.2973a | 0.3113a |
| Pedrosa [23] (2008) | T2, 800–1100; T1 CSI, 180–205; T1 GRE, 3.8–4.5 | T2, 60; T1 CSI, 2.2–2.7 and 4.5–5.2; T1 GRE, 1.8–2.0 | Timed to arterial phase and then in nephrographic phase (20 s after CMD phase) | 1.5 | NA | NA |
| Sevcenco [27] (2014) | 2.88 | 1.44 | No timing details; unenhanced, arterial (CMD), venous (nephrographic), and delayed (excretory) phases | 3 | 77 ± 78 | NA |
| Chandarana [20] (2012) | 3.3–4.5 | 1.4–1.9 | Acquisition delays were TTP for CMD phase, TTP plus 60 s for nephrographic phase, and TTP plus 180 s for excretory phase | 1.5 | 55.9 ± 51.2a (ROI) | 59.7 ± 50.4a (ROI) |
| Cupido [19] (2017)a | FISP, 3.6; T1 dual-phase, 136 (in-phase and out-of-phase); HASTE and fat-suppressed HASTE, infinite; VIBE, 4.3 | FISP, 1.83; T1 dual-echo, 4.7 (in-phase) and 2.03 (out-of-phase); HASTE and fat-suppressed HASTE, 90; VIBE, 1.68 | 0, 30, 69 s | 1.5 | Tumor-to-cortex ratio (in whichever phase the enhancement value was maximal), 0.34 ± 0.09b | NA |
| Sasiwimonphan [16] (2012)c | T2, 2000–10,000; T1 GRE, 3.3–3.7 | T2, 75–120; T2 GRE, 1.4–1.6 | Arterial phase calculated using a 2-mL test bolus; no timing details for CMD phase; 3-min delay | 1.5, 3 | Arterial to delayed enhancement ratio, 1.5 | NA |
| T2 signal-intensity characteristics | ||||||
| Oliva [22] (2009) | T2, 1200–1500; T1 GRE, 260–435; 3D GRE, 4.4–7.3 | T2, 87–92; T1 GRE, 4.2; 3D GRE, 1.5–2.2 | No timing details | 1.5 | T1 SI ratios, 0.86 ± 0.23 and 0.82 ± 0.3a | NA |
| Fu [4] (2016) | Multicenter study so parameters varied | 20–30, 75–80, 120–180 s | 1.5 | NA | NA | |
| Signal loss on opposed-phase imaging | ||||||
| Childs [26] (2014) | T2, > 3000; T1 GRE, 175–225; FSPGR, 45d | T2, 85; T1 GRE, 2.1–4.2; FSPGR, 4.7 | 20–30, 60, 90 s after bolus | 1.5 | NA | NA |
| Yoshimitsu [17] (2006) | T2, 2500; T1 GRE, 140; CSI, 150; 3D GRE, 4.2 | T2, 100; T1 GRE, 4.2; CSI, 2.3; 3D GRE, 1.8 | 30, 90, 240 s after bolus | 1.5 | NA | NA |
| Murray [21] (2016) | 55 and 64 for local MRI examinations; values varied at outside institutions | NA | 1.5, 3 | NA | NA | |
| DWI | ||||||
| Ponhold [18] (2016) | T2, 2000; DWI, 1700 | T2, 95; DWI, 73 | NA | 3 | NA | NA |
Note—T2 = T2-weighted, T1 = T1-weighted, CSI = chemical-shift imaging, GRE = gradient-recalled echo, CMD = corticomedullary, NA = not applicable, TTP = time-to-peak, FISP = fast imaging with steady-state precession, VIBE = volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination, SI = signal intensity, FSPGR = fast spoiled gradient echo.
a
Mean ± SD.
b
Mean (95% CI).
c
Also reported sensitivity and specificity for use of T2 signal-intensity characteristics to identify papillary renal cell carcinoma.
d
The following additional sequences were performed: single-shot fast spin-echo, dual-gradient GRE, and liver acquisition with volume acceleration (LAVA, GE Healthcare).