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. 2019 Mar 29;10:1433. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09441-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Example longitudinal data in a subset of individuals who experienced submicroscopic parasitaemia. The data include information by microscopy (slide-positive) and PCR in (a) all-age individuals in Senegal in 2005⁶² and (b) a birth cohort in Ghana⁶⁴. Each row represents a single individual, with time on the x-axis (time = age in the Ghana cohort). Individuals were sampled weekly in Senegal and every 2–4 weeks in Ghana, and the colours indicate their infection status at each sampling time. Blank space indicates missing data. Source data are provided as a Source Data file