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. 2019 Mar 29;9:5344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41798-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time (√s) that calves spent in the different pens during test sessions relative to the treatment they received in that pen during treatment sessions (Test 1: 48 h, Test 2: 72 h, Test 3: 96 h after the second treatment). Neutral: No treatment. Control: Sedation alone. Disbudding: Sedation, local anesthesia and hot-iron disbudding. All times spent in treatment pens (control and disbudding) were lower than time spent in the middle pen (P < 0.05). The asterisk (*) represent a significant difference (P < 0.05) of the time spent in the disbudding pen compared to time in the control pen. (+) represents a tendency (P = 0.1).