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. 2019 Mar 29;10:1429. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09442-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Chronic L. loa infection can be achieved in lymphopenic mice deficient in the common gamma chain. a L. loa adult worm burdens at 3 and 5 months post infection in lymphopenic mouse strains with or without compound IL-2/7 gamma chain (γc) deficiency (3 months: CB.17 SCID (n = 11), NOD.SCID (n = 6), NOD.SCIDγc^−/− (n = 4). 5 months: NOD.SCIDγc^−/− (n = 4), BALB/c RAG2^−/ (n = 10), BALB/c RAG2^−/−γc^−/− (n = 9 mice)). Plotted is percentage adult recovery of infectious inoculum for individual mice and median levels. b Tissue distributions of adult L. loa in NOD.SCIDγc^−/− (n = 4) or BALB/c RAG2^−/−γc^−/− (n = 9) mice, 5 months post infection. Plotted is mean percentage of total yields per tissue site. c Sex ratio of adult L. loa in NOD.SCIDγc^−/− (n = 4) or BALB/c RAG2^−/−γc^−/− (n = 9) mice, 5 months post infection. Plotted is percentage adult recovery of infectious inoculum for individual mice and median levels. d Representative photomicrographs of L. loa female (upper left and middle pictures) and male (upper right) worms recovered from an infected BALB/c Rag2^−/−γc^−/− mouse at 5 months post infection. u uterus, p uterine pore, c coiled microfilariae, m microfilariae, s spicule. Scale bar = 1 cm. The micrograph at the bottom represents an hematoxylin/eosin staining of a paraffin-embedded section of a L. loa female worm recovered 1 month post implant in a BALB/c Rag2^−/− mouse. u uterus, e embryos, smf stretched microfilariae, cmf coiled microfilariae. Scale bar: 0.2 mm. e Adult worm yield 1 month post adult implants in NOD.SCIDγc^−/− and BALB/c Rag2^−/− mice, n = 3–5. f Microfilariae production 1 month post-adult implants in NOD.SCIDγc^−/− (n = 3) or BALB/c Rag2^−/− mice (n = 5). g Summary table of filariasis test strips (FTS) outcome when testing worms culture supernatants after overnight incubation at 37 °C (n = 3 cultures) and mice sera from selected infection conditions, (n = 3 naive mice, n = 5 BALB/c Rag2^−/− mice 1 month post implantation, n = 10 all other mouse infections). h Og4c3 quantitative circulating antigen at 5 months post infection, (n = 10 BALB/c Rag2^−/− or n = 9 BALB/c RAG2^−/−γc^−/− mice). Plotted is individual data and median levels. Significant differences between strains are determined by two-tailed Mann–Whitney (two groups) or Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc tests (>two variables). Significance is indicated: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001