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. 2019 Mar 30;18:52. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-0963-9

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Mechanisms of exosome biogenesis. Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are formed from budding of early endosomes, which is in part regulated by neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), syntenin, ALIX, tetraspanins, and phospholipase D2 (PLD2). In addition, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus can fuse with endosomes to be incorporated into MVBs. MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane releasing their contents (exosomes). Membrane docking is regulated by Rab7, Rab11, Rab27, Rab35, soluble NSF attachement protein receptors (SNAREs), cortactin and coronin 1b

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