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. 2019 Mar 30;18:62. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-0967-5

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — The functional network of cancer derived EVs in GC microenvironment. GC cells-derived EVs promote angiogenesis via releasing miR-130a. Pericytes, MSCs, and fibroblasts absorbed EVs to induce CAFs transformation in tumor microenvironment through different pathway or miRNAs in cells. The functions of cancer cells-derived EVs in adipocytes differentiation. Different immune cells in tumor microenvironment can be affected by tumor-derived EVs. GC-derived EVs inhibit T cell immunity, polarize neutrophils to a pro-tumor phenotype, induce macrophages to release more proinflammatory factors and active Th17 to promote cancer progression. Abbreviations: GC, gastric cancer; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast