Fig. 10.

Minimal mechanism describing how amyloid may nucleate and grow within a liquid-like amorphous aggregate, designated as the L phase. The mechanism is essentially similar to that described by Eqn. 3 for bulk phase nucleated growth with nucleation considered as a bimolecular addition reaction (such that the nucleus size n = 2) governed by a second-order-nucleation rate constant, $k_{n{\left(A\right)}_L}$. Fiber growth is able to occur by monomer addition and fiber end-to-end joining, respectively regulated by second-order rate constants, $k_{g{\left(A\right)}_L}$, and $k_{j{\left(A\right)}_L}$. Fiber shrinkage occurs by breakage (scission) of monomer from either the fiber end or via fracture within the fiber, with the site fracture rate governed by a first-order rate constant, $k_{S°{\left(A\right)}_L}$. Two additional partition rate constants specify the rate of transfer from the amorphous liquid phase to bulk phase, $k_{P{\left(A\right)}_L}$, and from the bulk phase into the amorphous liquid phase, $k_{P{\left(A\right)}_B}$. (Translated and reprinted with full permission from Hirota and Hall (2019), CMC Publishing Corporation)