Table 4.
Differences between carriers of different genotypes in both sex groups at baseline and after intervention and changes in variables from baseline
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Variables | Ala54Ala carriers (n=43) | Thr54 carriers (n=50) | P-value | Ala54Ala carriers (n=37) | Thr54 carriers (n=35) | P-value |
|
| ||||||
| Age (years)a | 57.6±9.0 | 58.4±9.2 | 0.680 | 56.3±10.0 | 59.4 ±11.4 | 0.221 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 26.4±3.2 | 26.8±3.3 | 0.513 | 26.7±3.6 | 26.6 ±3.5 | 0.913 |
| Waist circumference (cm)a | 91.0±9.7 | 90.6±8.6 | 0.776 | 93.4±8.6 | 93.0 ±7.9 | 0.846 |
| Course of disease (years)a | 7.7±5.5 | 7.4±5.4 | 0.762 | 8.8±7.3 | 7.6 ±7.0 | 0.465 |
| Types of low-GI diet (control)a | 14 | 12 | 15 | 10 | ||
| Lipid-lowering agents (n)a | 5 | 8 | 5 | 4 | ||
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 9.3±3.3 | 8.3±2.3 | 0.095 | 8.7±2.4 | 8.6 ±2.5 | 0.873 |
| After intervention | 8.5±2.5 | 8.1±2.3 | 0.524 | 8.3±1.9 | 8.1 ±2.1 | 0.572 |
| Change from baseline | –0.8±1.7 | –0.2 | 0.035 | –0.4±2.0 | –0.5 ±1.7 | 0.695 |
| TC (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 5.07±1.29 | 4.88±1.18 | 0.476 | 4.74±0.90 | 4.65 ±0.85 | 0.655 |
| After intervention | 4.71±1.02 | 4.90±1.08 | 0.384 | 4.48±0.82 | 4.43 ±0.98 | 0.802 |
| Change from baseline | –0.36±0.79 | 0.02±0.78 | 0.024 | –0.26±0.87 | –0.22 ±0.68 | 0.832 |
| TG (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 2.03±1.51 | 1.71±1.20 | 0.250 | 2.33±2.23 | 2.00 ±1.41 | 0.458 |
| After intervention | 1.47±0.77 | 1.70±1.00 | 0.207 | 1.73±1.15 | 1.60 ±1.27 | 0.660 |
| Change from baseline | –0.56±1.21 | –0.01±1.01 | 0.016 | –0.6±1.29 | –0.4 ±1.15 | 0.381 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 1.22±0.26 | 1.28±0.35 | 0.385 | 1.18±0.32 | 1.11 ±0.25 | 0.317 |
| After intervention | 1.20±0.25 | 1.27±0.34 | 0.229 | 1.15±0.28 | 1.11 ±0.27 | 0.583 |
| Change from baseline | –0.02±0.17 | 0.00±0.14 | 0.585 | –0.03±0.18 | 0.00 ±0.18 | 0.456 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | ||||||
| Baseline | 3.00±1.02 | 2.86±0.92 | 0.480 | 2.67±0.82 | 2.71 ±0.71 | 0.814 |
| After intervention | 2.83±0.87 | 2.91±0.84 | 0.615 | 2.63±0.70 | 2.68 ±0.75 | 0.771 |
| Change from baseline | –0.17±0.57 | 0.05±0.56 | 0.051 | –0.04±0.73 | –0.03 ±0.58 | 0.964 |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||
| Baseline | 7.5±1.7 | 7.1±1.1 | 0.195 | 6.9±1.2 | 6.9 ±1.3 | 0.922 |
| After intervention | 7.0±1.1 | 7.1±1.4 | 0.731 | 6.6±0.9 | 6.6 ±1.2 | 0.996 |
| Change from baseline | –0.5±2.0 | 0.0±1.7 | 0.219 | –0.3±0.7 | –0.3 ±0.8 | 0.873 |
| GA (%) | ||||||
| Baseline | 19.4±5.4 | 18.0±4.5 | 0.177 | 17.4±3.9 | 17.8 ±4.1 | 0.683 |
| After intervention | 17.6±4.4 | 17.1±4.0 | 0.523 | 15.9±2.8 | 16.4 ±3.7 | 0.538 |
| Change from baseline | –1.8±2.4 | –0.9±1.5 | 0.032 | –1.5±2.7 | –1.4 ±2.1 | 0.870 |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| Baseline | 3.19±3.58 | 2.36±0.85 | 0.111 | 2.40±1.00 | 3.04 ±4.75 | 0.422 |
| After intervention | 3.28±3.26 | 2.81±1.41 | 0.875 | 2.68±1.49 | 3.54 ±5.32 | 0.347 |
| Change from baseline | 0.09±2.54 | 0.45±1.31 | 0.378 | 0.28±1.73 | 0.49 ±1.42 | 0.566 |
| TNF-α | ||||||
| Baseline | 6.9±2.0 | 7.6±2.5 | 0.157 | 8.0±2.9 | 7.4 ±1.6 | 0.326 |
| After intervention | 9.0±5.5 | 9.0±5.5 | 0.958 | 10.5±8.9 | 9.7 ±5.6 | 0.273 |
| Change from baseline | 2.1±5.6 | 1.4±5.1 | 0.525 | 2.5±8.8 | 2.3 ±3.9 | 0.767 |
Notes: Data at baseline and after intervention are expressed as mean ± SD.
Differences between groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test, and differences in the other parameters between groups and changes from baseline were analyzed using the ANCOVA (generalized linear model) test with adjustments for sex, age, BMI, and course of disease.
Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BMI, body mass index; GA, glycated albumin; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.