Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics by Cluster, mean (SD) unless otherwise noted.
| Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Statistics | Post hoc (LSD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 93 | n = 39 | n = 28 | |||
| Age, years | 47.11 (11.43) | 49.74 (11.58) | 46.14 (11.96) | F(2, 157) = 0.98, p = 0.379 | – |
| Sex, n (%) | X2(2) = 8.88, p = 0.012 | 2 had greater proportion of males than 1 | |||
| ⬛Male | 49 (52.7) | 31 (79.5) | 19 (67.9) | ||
| ⬛Female | 44 (47.3) | 8 (20.5) | 9 (32.1) | ||
| Race, n (%) | X2(2) = 4.11, p = 0.128 | – | |||
| ⬛Caucasian | 35 (37.6) | 15(38.5) | 5 (17.9) | ||
| ⬛Non Caucasian | 58 (62.4) | 24 (61.5) | 23 (82.1) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | X2(2) = 2.69, p = 0.260 | – | |||
| ⬛Hispanic | 75 (81.5) | 32 (86.5) | 19 (70.4) | ||
| ⬛Non Hispanic | 17 (18.5) | 5 (13.5) | 8 (29.6) | ||
| Site, n (%) | X2(2) = 2.79, p = 0.248 | – | |||
| ⬛Medical school | 75 (80.7) | 31 (79.5) | 19 (67.9) | ||
| ⬛Veterans affairs medical center | 18 (19.4) | 8 (20.5) | 9 (32.1) | ||
| WRAT-3 (premorbid IQ) | 101.43 (14.08) | 98.10 (14.08) | 99.46 (13.60) | F(2, 157) = 0.833, p = 0.437 | – |
| Education, years | 14.76 (2.41) | 13.31 (2.44) | 13.43 (1.81) | F(2, 157) = 7.141, p = 0.001 | 1 > 2, 3 |
| Handedness, n (%) | X2(2) = 2.60, p = 0.272 | – | |||
| ⬛Left | 13 (14.0) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (21.4) | ||
| ⬛Right | 80 (86.0) | 36 (92.3) | 22 (78.6) | ||
| Age of onset, years | 25.44 (6.79) | 27.13 (7.57) | 26.18 (8.24) | F(2, 157) = 0.757, p = 0.471 | – |
| History of psychosis, n (%) | X2(2) = 3.65, p = 0.161a | – | |||
| X2(2) = 1.74, p = 0.418b | |||||
| ⬛Yes | 60 (64.5) | 29 (74.4) | 23 (82.1) | ||
| ⬛No | 33 (35.5) | 10 (25.6) | 5 (17.9) | ||
| BPRS (clinical symptoms) | 22.22 (4.04) | 25.03 (5.00) | 26.11 (7.12) | F(2, 153) = 8.664, p < 0.001 | 1 < 2, 3 |
| SANS (negative symptoms) | F(2, 153) = 11.33, p < 0.001 | 1, 2 < 3 | |||
| ⬛Total composite | 5.82 (6.86) | 9.11 (10.173) | 14.79 (12.05) | ||
| HAMD (depressive symptoms) | 6.35 (5.58) | 9.26 (6.32) | 10.18 (6.91) | F(2, 157) = 6.018, p = 0.003 | 1 < 2, 3 |
| YMRS (manic symptoms) | 2.20 (3.33) | 3.51 (3.31) | 3.14 (4.80) | F(2, 157) = 2.067, p = 0.130 | – |
| CTQ (childhood trauma) | |||||
| ⬛Emotional abuse | 11.37 (5.80) | 11.11 (4.18) | 13.44 (5.89) | F(2145) = 1.636, p = 0.198 | |
| ⬛Physical abuse | 8.68 (4.62) | 9.67 (4.26) | 10.74 (5.42) | F(2, 148) = 2.146, p = 0.121 | |
| ⬛Sexual abuse | 7.86 (5.20) | 7.92 (4.84) | 9.75 (5.81) | F(2, 152) = 1.466, p = 0.234 | |
| ⬛Emotional neglect | 11.12 (5.42) | 11.53 (4.33) | 14.64 (4.88) | F(2, 153) = 5.228, p = 0.006 | 1, 2 < 3 |
| ⬛Physical neglect | 7.88 (3.69) | 9.14 (3.93) | 9.37 (4.25) | F(2, 150) = 2.342, p = 0.100 | |
| AUDIT-C (alcohol abuse) | 2.21 (2.15) | 1.79 (2.04) | 2.81 (2.16) | F(2, 116) = 1.393, p = 0.252 | – |
| DAST (drug abuse) | 1.99 (2.68) | 2.38 (2.75) | 1.21 (2.35) | F(2, 154) = 1.626, p = 0.200 | – |
| SAS-SR (social adjustment) | 2.15 (0.55) | 2.22 (0.57) | 2.40 (0.52) | F(2, 154) = 2.106, p = 0.125 | – |
| UPSA-B (functional capacity) | 80.12 (13.82) | 76.85 (11.78) | 77.02 (13.68) | F(2, 150) = 1.085, p = 0.340 | – |
| WHODAS (disability) | 21.63 (15.47) | 22.12 (15.72) | 27.04 (18.77) | F(2, 149) = 1.125, p = 0.327 | – |
SZ = schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder group; BD = bipolar I and bipolar II disorder group; WRAT-3 = wide range achievement test – 3; BPRS = brief psychiatric rating scale; SANS = scale for the assessment of negative symptoms; HAMD = Hamilton rating scale for depression; YMRS = Young Mania rating scale; CTQ = childhood trauma questionnaire; AUDIT-C = alcohol use disorder identification test-consumption; DAST = drug abuse screening test; SAS = social adjustment scale-self report; UPSA-B = UCSD performance-based skills assessment-brief; WHODAS = World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule.
in full sample of SZ and BD;
in BD alone.