Table 5.
Associations of 28-day average air pollution exposure, temperature, and relative humidity with leukocyte distribution (z-score)a
| Exposure (unit) | Distribution of leukocytes [z-score, change per IQR (SE)] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma cells | Exhausted CD8 T cells | Naïve CD8+ T cells | Naïve CD4+ T cells | CD8+ T cells | CD4+ T cells | NK cells | B cells | Monocytes | Granulocytes | ||
| Air pollution | PM2.5 (Mg/m3) | −0.147 (0.030)**** | −0.025 (0.028) | −0.054 (0.026)* | 0.059 (0.024)* | 0.115 (0.028)**** | −0.032 (0.029) | −0.101 (0.031)** | −0.020 (0.025) | 0.089 (0.031)** | −0.006 (0.030) |
| Black carbon (μg/m3) | −0.138 (0.047)** | 0.051 (0.044) | −0.001 (0.042) | 0.006 (0.039) | 0.085 (0.045) | −0.035 (0.046) | −0.073 (0.049) | −0.008 (0.040) | 0.088 (0.050) | −0.010 (0.048) | |
| Particle number (counts/cm3) | −0.257 (0.052)**** | 0.031 (0.049) | −0.166 (0.047)*** | −0.016 (0.044) | 0.145 (0.049)** | 0.051 (0.052) | −0.081 (0.054) | 0.053 (0.041) | 0.136 (0.058)* | −0.124 (0.054)* | |
| CO (ppm) | −0.031 (0.035) | 0.044 (0.032) | −0.011 (0.031) | −0.073 (0.029)* | −0.016 (0.033) | 0.047 (0.034) | 0.013 (0.035) | 0.094 (0.030)** | −0.018 (0.036) | −0.080 (0.035)* | |
| NO2 (ppm) | −0.149 (0.043)*** | 0.030 (0.039) | −0.093 (0.038)* | −0.056 (0.036) | 0.044 (0.040) | 0.024 (0.042) | −0.035 (0.044) | 0.064 (0.037) | 0.084 (0.044) | −0.090 (0.043)* | |
| O3 (ppm) | −0.063 (0.082) | −0.097 (0.075) | −0.105 (0.070) | 0.048 (0.065) | 0.061 (0.076) | 0.012 (0.079) | −0.017 (0.086) | 0.061 (0.067) | −0.149 (0.087) | −0.017 (0.084) | |
| SO2 (ppm) | −0.200 (0.044)**** | 0.057 (0.041) | −0.040 (0.039) | 0.00001 (0.037) | 0.185 (0.041)**** | 0.020 (0.043) | 0.047 (0.045) | 0.049 (0.038) | 0.044 (0.046) | −0.154 (0.045)*** | |
| Temperature (°C) | 0.073 (0.068) | −0.061 (0.063) | −0.055 (0.059) | 0.002 (0.055) | −0.150 (0.064)* | −0.019 (0.067) | −0.047 (0.071) | 0.056 (0.056) | 0.079 (0.073) | 0.028 (0.070) | |
| Relative humidity (%) | −0.004 (0.032) | 0.052 (0.029) | 0.032 (0.027) | 0.046 (0.025) | 0.078 (0.030)** | −0.033 (0.031) | −0.009 (0.033) | −0.049 (0.026) | 0.016 (0.034) | 0.012 (0.033) | |
p < 0.05;
p < 0.01;
p < 0.001;
p < 0.0001
Model adjusted for age (years), body mass index (BMI; underweight or normal weight/overweight/obese), smoking status (current/former/never smoker), alcohol intake (<2 drinks per day or ≥2 drinks per day), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer diagnosed by physician (yes/no), and season of medical visit (spring/summer/fall/winter). For air pollution exposures, models also adjusted for corresponding temperature and relative humidity. Weather models mutually adjusted for humidity and temperature.