Figure 1.

Simultaneous latent growth model and Cox regression model. Simultaneous growth and survival model is an expansion of the quadratic growth model for O, N, and E personality traits (ONE). Growth parameters – intercept (I), linear slope (S) and quadratic slope (Q) – correlate with hazard rates (Log{h[t]}). The hazard is indicated by a binary outcome of death at a particular age (adapted from McArdle, et al., 2005). Time-invariant covariates include sex, education level, age of entry into SATSA study. Time-varying physical illness, depressive symptoms, and general cognitive ability covariates (not depicted for clarity of presentation), but included in secondary analysis (see Supplemental Materials).