Table 1.
| Study | Country | Years of inclusion | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Patients analyzed (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agostinucci et al. [16] | France | 2005–2010 | Use of load-distributing band | Not Reported | 285 |
| Cesana et al. [17] | Italy | 2011–2015 | Age 18–75 years, witnessed, ischemic etiology, absence of comorbidities precluding ICU admission | Not Reported | 148 |
| Choi et al. [18] | Korea | 2011–2015 | Non-traumatic, age ≤75, witnessed, bystander CPR or no-flow time ≤5 min, prehospital low-flow time ≤30 min and >10 min of conventional CPR at ED, absence of severe comorbidities | DNR, poor performance status or terminal illness, trauma, intracranial hemorrhage, acute aortic dissection, ROSC within 10 min of ED arrival | 60 |
| Hase et al. [19] | Japan | 1999–2003 | Cardiac etiology | Not Reported | 100 |
| Kim et al. [20] | Korea | 2006–2013 | Age >18 years, non-traumatic | Not Reported | 104 |
| Lee et al. [21] | Korea | 2009–2014 | Not Reported | Not Reported | 955 |
| Maekawa et al. [22] | Japan | 2000–2004 | Cardiac etiology, age >16 years, witnessed, CPR duration >20 min | DNR, dead prior to hospital arrival | 48 |
| Poppe et al. [23] | Austria | 2003–2014 | Age >18 years, ongoing CPR | Not Reported | 96 |
| Sakamoto et al. [24] | Japan | 2008–2011 | Shockable rhythm, cardiac arrest on arrival, 45 min from cardiac arrest onset to hospital arrival, no ROSC within 15 min after hospital arrival | Age <20 or >75 years, poor level of activities of daily living, non-cardiac etiology, body temperature <30 C, no informed consent | 454 |
| Schober et al. [25] | Austria | 2002–2012 | Cardiac origin, CPR duration >30 min | Clinical indication for ECPR | 239 |
| Siao et al. [26] | Taiwan | 2011–2013 | Age 18–75 years, ventricular fibrillation, no-flow time < 5 min, refractory cardiac arrest | Head trauma or active bleeding, severe sepsis, initial non-shockable rhythm, terminal malignancy, history of neurological deficits | 60 |
| Tanno et al. [27] | Japan | 2000–2004 | Age >16 years, cardiac etiology | Not Reported | 398 |
| Venturini et al. [28] | USA | 2011–2016 | CPR in cardiac catheterization laboratory, mechanical chest compressions | Not Reported | 31 |
| Yannopoulos et al. [29] | USA | 2015–2016 | Age 18–75 years, cardiac etiology, shockable rhythm, 3 direct current shocks, amiodarone, eligible mechanical CPR, time to CCL < 30 min | Nursing home resident, DNR, known terminal illness, significant bleeding | 188 |
| Yannopoulos et al. [30] | USA | 2015–2016 | Age 18–75 years, cardiac etiology, shockable rhythm, 3 direct current shocks, amiodarone, eligible mechanical CPR, transfer time from scene to CCL < 30 min | Nursing home resident, DNR, known terminal illness, significant bleeding | 232 |
ECPR refers to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR refers to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ED refers to emergency department, ICU refers to intensive care unit, DNR refers to do-not-resuscitate, ROSC refers to return of spontaneous circulation; CCL refers to cardiac catheterization laboratory.
a
All studies compared ECPR vs. no ECPR whereas Sakamoto compared emergency departments with ECPR vs. emergency departments with no ECPR.
b
There was some overlap between the studies by Hase, Maekawa and Tanno, and between Yannopolous (2016 + 2017).