Baciulis 2003.

Methods	Study design: parallel open‐label RCT Duration of study: 2000 to 2002 Follow‐up: 6 months
Participants	Country: Lithuania Setting: single centre Incidence of acute pyelonephritis acute > 2 times/year, acute or chronic pyelonephritis with urinary tract obstruction symptoms (e.g. hydronephrosis) or VUR, chronic latent cystitis Number: treatment group 1 (15); treatment group 2 (18) Mean age ± SD (years): treatment group 1 (8.4 ± 2.3); treatment group 2 (7.8 ± 3.5) Sex (M/F): treatment group 1 (0/15); treatment group 2 (1/17) Exclusion criteria: acute pyelonephritis without urinary tract obstruction characteristic; acute cystitis; source of infection agent Pseudomonas; cefadroxil allergic children; increased susceptibility to cephalosporins
Interventions	Treatment group 1 Cefadroxil: 12.5 to 15 mg/kg every night for 6 months Treatment group 2 Cefadroxil: 12.5 to 15 mg/kg on alternate nights for 6 months
Outcomes	Repeat positive urine culture Adverse effect; nausea Day/night time wetting
Notes	Translated from Lithuanian Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Study was described as randomised, method of randomisation was not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Open‐label study
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The paper does not clearly state whether more children were enrolled than are reported, so it is unclear whether there is any missing data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement; funding source not reported