Carlsen 1985.

Methods	Study design: cross‐over RCT Duration of study: not reported Duration of follow‐up: 12 to 14 months
Participants	Country: Denmark Setting: single centre Children with either VUR (17 children) or a history of recurrent UTI defines as ≥ 3 episodes in 12 months or 2 episodes in 6 months (18 children) Number: 35 Age: 1 to 13 years Sex (M/F): 4/31 Exclusion criteria: previous intolerance to nitrofurantoin; VUR > grade 3
Interventions	Treatment group 1 Pivmecillinam 100 mg/d for children < 6 years 200 mg/d for children > 6 years Treatment group 2 Nitrofurantoin: 1.5 mg/kg/d Cross‐over 6 to 10 months for 1st antibiotic, crossed over to 2nd antibiotic for 6 months
Outcomes	Number of repeat positive urine cultures Tolerance/side effects Changes in faecal flora
Notes	Urine samples screened each visit Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "randomly allocated' but no other details
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	High risk	Withdrawals detailed, 11/35 did not complete the study and were not analysed
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Primary outcome is positive culture, not symptomatic UTI
Other bias	Unclear risk	Many details missing