Falakaflaki 2007.

Methods	Study design: parallel RCT Recruitment period; 2004 to 2006 Duration of follow‐up: 6 months
Participants	Country: Iran Setting: single centre Previous UTI, no previous prophylaxis; aged 3 months to 12 years; normal kidney function, at least one of the following: > 3 UTI/year, VUR grades 1 to 4, obstructive lesions, other anatomical abnormalities, or aged < 1 year Number/VUR: treatment group 1 (66/31); treatment group 2 (66/26) Mean age, range: treatment group 1 (3.8 years, 3 months to 12 years); treatment group 2 (4.4 years, 4 months to 11 years) Sex (M/F): treatment group 1 (23/43); treatment group 2 (13/53) Exclusion criteria: Impaired kidney function; contraindication for nitrofurantoin or TMP/SMX (e.g. G6PD deficiency); any side effects of drugs
Interventions	Treatment group 1 TMP/SMX: 2 mg/kg/d for 6 months Treatment group 2 Nitrofurantoin: 1 to 2mg/kg/d for 6 months
Outcomes	Repeat symptomatic UTI (culture + fever or other symptoms)
Notes	Included bag samples Patients kept on the study after a recurrence, and changed prophylaxis type if recurrence was with a bacterial agent resistant to their allocated treatment Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Study was described as randomised, method of randomisation was not reported
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No withdrawals or loss to follow up stated, unsure of completeness of reporting
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Primary outcome symptomatic UTI
Other bias	Unclear risk	Many details not reported, difficult to determine