Lettgen 2002.

Methods	Study design: parallel, open‐label RCT Duration of study: not reported Duration of follow‐up: 6 to 12 months
Participants	Country: Germany Setting: single centre Girls with at least 2 UTIs in the last 12 months Number (analysed/randomised): treatment group 1 (27/29); treatment group 2 (30/31) Age range: 1 to 11 years VUR: not reported Exclusion criteria: existing UTI or < 2 UTIs within the previous year; pyelonephritis; urolithiasis; neurogenic bladder; urinary tract obstruction
Interventions	Treatment group 1 Cefixime: 2 mg/kg for 6 to 12 months Treatment group 2 Nitrofurantoin: 1 mg/kg for 6 to 12 months
Outcomes	Number of repeat clinical infections (not all culture verified) Number of children who experienced adverse reactions of treatment
Notes	Initial UTI diagnosed by MSU > 100,000 CFU/mL Funding source: not reported
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	External to investigators, managed by department of statistics university clinic
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Allocation managed by department and examining physician
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to permit judgement
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	2/60 lost to follow‐up accounted for
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	High risk	Primary outcome is clinical diagnosis, not all were culture verified
Other bias	Unclear risk	Many methodological details missing, uncertain of other biases