Overexpressed Plekho1 in osteoblasts exacerbates inflammation in Plekho1−/−/Plekho1osxTg mice with CIA. (a) Disease progression assessed by arthritic score in WT-CIA, Plekho1−/−-CIA and Plekho1−/−/Plekho1osxTg-CIA mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01,compared to WT-CIA group. (b) Representative histological images in the ankle joint of hind paws from WT-CIA, Plekho1−/−-CIA and Plekho1−/−/Plekho1osxTg-CIA mice. Scale bars, 50 μm. (c) Histological inflammation score in the ankle joint of hind paws from WT-CIA, Plekho1−/−-CIA and Plekho1−/−/Plekho1osxTg-CIA mice. (d) IL-1β and IL-6 levels in the ankle joint of hind paws from WT-CIA, Plekho1−/−-CIA and Plekho1−/−/Plekho1osxTg-CIA mice on day 49 after primary immunization by ELISA examination. (e) IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in CD4 + T lymphocytes after co-culture with osteoblasts from WT mice and Plekho1osxTg mice. (f) IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels in fibroblast-like synoviocytes after co-culture with osteoblasts from WT mice and Plekho1osxTg mice. (g) Migration of neutrophils after co-culture with osteoblasts from WT mice and Plekho1osxTg mice. All data are the mean ± s.d. n = 9 per group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. For a, a two-way ANOVA with subsequent Bonferroni posttests was performed. For c-g, a one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparisons test was performed.