Table 4.
Psychiatric and Seizure Medications
| Treatment (n) | Overall benefit score | Top benefited symptoms | Overall adverse score | Top adverse symptoms | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clonidine/Catapres/Kapvay (99) | 1.9 | Falling asleep (49%), staying asleep (32%), anxiety (17%) | 0.7 | Fatigue/drowsiness (12%), aggression/agitation (9%), behavior problems (9%), anxiety (7%), dizziness/unsteadiness (7%), sleep problems (7%), gastrointestinal problems (6%), irritability (6%), general worsening (5%) | Other |
| Lamotrigine/Lamictal (34) | 2.1 | Seizures (32%), aggression/agitation (24%), anxiety (12%), irritability (12%) | 0.9 | Sleep problems (9%), weight gain (9%), aggression/agitation (6%), cognition (6%), depression (6%), dizziness/unsteadiness (6%), fatigue/drowsiness (6%), gastrointestinal problems (6%), headache/migraine (6%) | Antiseizure |
| Guanfacine/Intuniv/Tenex (96) | 1.7 | Attention (39%), hyperactivity (25%), aggression/agitation (20%), cognition (20%) | 0.7 | Fatigue/drowsiness (16%), irritability (9%), aggression/agitation (8%) | Other |
| Oxcarbazepine/Oxtellar/Trileptal (29) | 1.9 | Aggression/agitation (31%), seizures (28%), anxiety (24%) | 0.8 | Anxiety (17%), irritability (14%), behavior problems (10%), cognition (10%) | Antiseizure |
| Sertraline/Zoloft (101) | 1.6 | Anxiety (56%), depression (24%), aggression/agitation (14%), irritability (14%) | 0.6 | General worsening (9%), depression (8%), weight gain (7%) | SSRI |
| Diazepam/Valium (28) | 1.6 | Anxiety (36%), seizures (14%), aggression/agitation (11%) | 0.8 | Fatigue/drowsiness (14%), general worsening (11%), aggression/agitation (7%), anxiety (7%), depression (7%), dizziness/unsteadiness (7%), sleep problems (7%) | Antiseizure |
| Buspirone/Buspar/Vanspar (42) | 1.3 | Anxiety (45%), aggression/agitation (14%), irritability (12%) | 0.5 | Anxiety (12%), fatigue/drowsiness (10%), aggression/agitation (7%) | Other |
| Citalopram/CeleXA (38) | 1.5 | Anxiety (45%), depression (29%), irritability (11%) | 0.7 | Aggression/agitation (16%), anxiety (13%), behavior problems (13%) | SSRI |
| Fluoxetine/Prozac/Sarafem/Rapidflux (102) | 1.5 | Anxiety (44%), depression (23%), aggression/agitation (18%) | 0.8 | Aggression/agitation (10%), cognition (10%), irritability (10%) | SSRI |
| Aripiprazole/Abilify (99) | 1.6 | Aggression/agitation (47%), irritability (25%), anxiety (22%) | 0.9 | Weight gain (23%), aggression/agitation (16%), tics/abnormal movements (9%) | Antipsychotic |
| Escitalopram/Lexapro (40) | 1.3 | Anxiety (35%), depression (33%), general benefit (13%), aggression/agitation (13%), irritability (13%) | 0.8 | Aggression/agitation (10%), anxiety (10%), cognition (8%), depression (8%), dry mouth (8%), irritability (8%), weight gain (8%) | SSRI |
| Levetiracetam/Keppra (25) | 1.6 | Seizures (68%), aggression/agitation (4%), anxiety (4%), cognition (4%), language/communication (4%), social interaction and understanding (4%) | 1.1 | Aggression/agitation (28%), behavior problems (28%), anxiety (24%) | Antiseizure |
| Amphetamine (21) | 1.3 | Attention (43%), hyperactivity (38%), anxiety (14%), cognition (14%), irritability (14%) | 0.9 | Loss of appetite (19%), sleep problems (19%), anxiety (14%), behavior problems (14%), tics/abnormal movements (14%) | Stimulant |
| Dexmethylphenidate/Focalin (53) | 1.5 | Attention (43%), hyperactivity (26%), cognition (23%) | 1.1 | Aggression/agitation (21%), irritability (21%), loss of appetite (21%) | Stimulant |
| Divalproex Sodium/Depakote (56) | 1.3 | Seizures (20%), aggression/agitation (16%), irritability (16%) | 0.9 | Weight gain (13%), depression (11%), fatigue/drowsiness (11%) | Antiseizure |
| Clonazepam/Klonopin (68) | 1.3 | Anxiety (25%), falling asleep (19%), staying asleep (10%) | 1.0 | Fatigue/drowsiness (18%), aggression/agitation (15%), anxiety (10%), behavior problems (10%) | Antiseizure |
| Atomoxetine/Strattera (67) | 1.1 | Attention (28%), anxiety (21%), aggression/agitation (15%), hyperactivity (15%) | 0.8 | Aggression/agitation (19%), behavior problems (15%), irritability (15%) | Other |
| Carbamazepine/Tegretol/Carbatrol Epitol (28) | 1.1 | Seizures (29%), anxiety (14%), irritability (14%) | 0.8 | Fatigue/drowsiness (14%), aggression/agitation (11%), dizziness/unsteadiness (11%), tics/abnormal movements (11%) | Antiseizure |
| Risperidone/Risperdal (170) | 1.6 | Aggression/agitation (40%), irritability (24%), anxiety (21%) | 1.4 | Weight gain (35%), aggression/agitation (14%), behavior problems (11%) | Antipsychotic |
| Gabapentin/Neurontin/Gralise/Horizant (25) | 1.0 | Anxiety (16%), general benefit (8%), irritability (8%) | 0.9 | General worsening (16%), anxiety (16%), cognition (12%), depression (12%), dizziness/unsteadiness (12%), seizures (12%) | Antiseizure |
| Methylphenidate/Ritalin/Medate/Concerta (117) | 1.4 | Attention (48%), hyperactivity (39%), cognition (23%) | 1.2 | Aggression/agitation (26%), anxiety (23%), loss of appetite (22%), irritability (20%) | Stimulant |
| Quetiapine/Seroquel (47) | 1.0 | Aggression/agitation (28%), falling asleep (23%), staying asleep (17%) | 1.1 | Fatigue/drowsiness (26%), weight gain (17%), cognition (15%) | Antipsychotic |
| Paxil/Paroxetine (20) | 0.8 | Anxiety (20%), attention (15%), depression (10%), social interaction, and understanding (10%) | 0.8 | Depression (20%), irritability (20%), aggression/agitation (15%), anxiety (15%), headache/migraine (15%), hyperactivity (15%), weight gain (15%) | SSRI |
| Topiramate/Qudexy/Topamax (26) | 1.2 | Seizures (25%), aggress/agitation (18%), depression (15%), dizziness/unsteadiness (15%), irritability (15%) | 1.3 | Aggression/agitation (19%), depression (15%), dizziness/unsteadiness (15%), irritability (15%) | Antiseizure |
| Adderall (152) | 1.0 | Attention (39%), hyperactivity (23%), cognition (18%) | 1.3 | Aggression/agitation (36%), anxiety (21%), behavior problems (20%), irritability (20%) | Stimulant |
| Olanzapine/Zyprexa (22) | 1.0 | Aggression/agitation (32%), anxiety (32%), hyperactivity (18%) | 1.5 | Weight gain (36%), aggression/agitation (18%), cognition (18%), irritability (18%) | Antipsychotic |
The medications are listed in order of net benefit (highest to lowest).
n refers to the number of participants who reported using the medication. For top benefited symptoms and top adverse symptoms, the percentage is the fraction of respondents who selected the symptom as a primary benefit/adverse effect.
SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.