Table 2.

Thematic analysis of the investigated papers: Disaster risk perception strategies

Author (s) reference	DRP strategies: Findings of this study 1. Educational strategies 2. Participatory strategies 3. Incentive strategies 4. Confidence building strategies 5. Supportive strategies 6. Managerial strategies 7. Cultural strategies
	Strategy for the improvement of DRP in literature review
Birkholz et al.[10]	6: Understandings the relationship between risk perception and flood management  5: Political system of society, marginalization problems  1: Knowing that all facets of society, not just those “at risk,” have a role in shaping how risk is understood and ultimately dealt with  6: Considering a research agenda for flood risk perceptions that is comprehensively underpinned by constructivist understandings
Armaş and Avram[11]	1: Increasing the degree of internal control  6: Having a better educational level  4, 5: If social support and the trust in authorities increase, the perceived or unconscious level of stress these people experience would drop. Lowering the stress levels would lead to an emotional balance  5: The lack of resources, implying low resilience, strengthens unadaptive behavior  3: Faith in support, strengthens adaptive behavior  1: Conscious and unconscious attitudes  6: Professionally active and better-paid subjects
Alshehri et al.[12]	1: Awareness raising  1: Training  1, 6: Access to timely and relevant information and knowledge  1,3: Willingness  6: Building on cooperation between official organizations  1, 5: Developing its website  6: Investigating the reasons behind the currently limited public usage and distrust of the site  7, 3: Taking into account the use of faith, knowledge, and Islamic teachings to create a stronger incentive  1, 7: Religious leadership partnership
Wachinger et al.[13]	4: Trust in authorities is necessary to build up a social climate in which advice from authorities will be taken into account in a crisis situation  5, 1: Empowering the individual to imagine the effects of a disaster  3: Encouraging citizens to take more personal responsibility for protection and disaster preparedness  2: Designing the most appropriate measures for effective risk communication, stakeholder involvement, and emergency preparedness
Jones et al.[15]	5: Welfare (social and economic)  5: Received social support (emotional, material, and informational)  5, 6: A wealthier personal network  6: The level of people's proximity to one another  7: Religious affiliation  7, 1: Psychometric and cultural approaches toward risk perception
Shenk et al.[16]	1: Elderly women role in education  1: Strengths of older adults within the context of their gendered roles can be utilized to develop focused planning and educational efforts  1: Drawing on older adults’ skills and strengths in adjusting to changes caused by their experiences of disaster
McIvor and Paton[17]	3: Using incentive strategies  5, 6: Protective measures for target communities, groups, families, and friends  5, 6: Attention to change and facilitating social behavior
Egbelakin et al.[18]	4: The provision of extrinsic interventions is likely to annul the dilemma of procrastination with respect to adopting long-term risk reduction measures  6: Mandatory disclosure of seismic risks would enhance an owner's level of perceived benefits from retrofitting through increased property value  6: Effective policy adoption and implementation constitutes a central element in the overall framework for improving
	6, 3: Policy implementers must fully understand their socioeconomic environments and the need to develop effective incentives and reward mechanisms before applying the proposed interventions  2: Adopting a proactive mitigation approach and community engagement in order to achieve consistent earthquake mitigation strategies across the regions  1, 6: Implementing intrinsic and extrinsic interventions to enhance seismic adjustment decisions  1: Intensifying the use of the mass media  1: Creating critical awareness motivators such as reiterating past earthquake experiences  7: Intensifying coping strategies among community members  5: Employing policy entrepreneurs at all levels of government to increase the salience of seismic risks  5: Allocating extrinsic interventions such as financial incentives, namely, low-interest loans and tax deductibles
Botzen et al.[19]	5: Communicating adaptation measures potential to eliminate risks is likely to increase their attractiveness to individuals  1: Having dread feelings toward flood risk  2: Adopting a participatory approach toward flood risk management involving governments and citizens  2, 3: An understanding of household attitudes and values toward risk reduction measures is fundamental to achieve effective protection against flooding
Gaillard et al.[20]	6: Disaster reduction strategies and increased adaptability of people should be part of the agenda of development programs  5: Coping with hazards is rooted in people's ability to adjust their daily life to the strength of their livelihoods and social network  5: Social networking is critical in providing alternative support in times of crisis  5: Empowering people to make them less vulnerable in the face of natural hazards through fair access to resources
Zagonari[21]	1: A campaign to inform the general public about evacuation and trauma management  1: An information campaign focused on young women  1: A campaign to inform the general public about flood  6: A risk management program that meets individual rationality and overall feasibility conditions  1: If information campaigns and other measures are designed for special community, a flood risk management plan can be successfully implemented
Harries[22]	1, 3: Policy-makers and the designers of protection products should pay more attention to the emotional barriers and incentives against adaptation  7: Seek to establish a more complete understanding of the relationship between protective behavior and the beliefs
Parsizadeh et al.[23]	7: Positive effects of the spirit and sense of place  7: Memorial places are recommended to be built and incorporated within the cultural landscape of the places  1: More attention should be paid to women's role and their contributions in terms of earthquake risk perception  1: Earthquake education need to be recognized and incorporated  1: Earthquake disaster awareness and education needs to take into account the specificity of the place as well as the impact of cultural landscape and cultural beliefs on earthquake risk perception of local communities  3: A place-specific earthquake disaster awareness and education needs to be encouraged and developed  1, 7: Poems, folktales, oral traditions, and myths in Iran have great potentials to warn and remind about past seismic events and disasters and to contribute to development of an “earthquake culture”
Liu et al.[24]	6: Role of information seeking in publics’ disaster decision-making  1: Maps increase understanding and potential compliance  1: High information richness message components  1, 7: Perceived proximity to a mapped hazard influences people's beliefs about risks associated with hazards  1: Conceptual explanation  1: Information seeking may be positively related to emotional extremes and increased prior experience  1: Use of technology may be more influential by a wide margin than information seeking on decision clarity
Cutchin et al.[25]	1: Strengthening a clearer understanding of the concerns  1: Developing stress management strategy
Kellens et al.[26]	5: Hazard visibility  1: Measured risk perception did not explicitly focus on property value and material belongings  1: Governmental risk awareness programs should be content specific and tuned to the specific target group to be affected  1: Insights about the psychological processes of different target groups influencing risk perception is therefore of vital importance

DRP= Disaster risk perception