Fig. 1.

The framework to study the enhanced functions in hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) of high royal jelly producing bees to boost royal jelly (RJ) production. We investigated the RJ production from 34 colonies of both Italian bees (ITBs) and high royal jelly producing bees (RJBs) (17 colonies of each line). Following the RJ production experiments, HG samples were collected from 10 typical colonies (5 colonies of each line) and analyzed by proteome comparison and biochemical verifications between ITBs and RJBs across various developmental stages of worker bees. We managed two social manipulation experiments to assess performance of a behavior phenotype in sampling for reversed nurse bees and prolonged nurse bees. The procedures of two social manipulation experiments were performed as in supplemental Fig. S1, and for the details of the experimental methods see Experimental Procedures.