Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in Egypt, 2010–2014
| Characteristic | Viruses Not Identified (n = 2,132) N (%) | Enrolled SARI cases (n = 1,075) N (%) | P* | RSV (n = 485) N (%) | P$ | Multiple Viruses (n = 174) N (%) | P$ | PIV (n = 125) N (%) | P$ | Adeno-Virus (n = 105) N (%) | P$ | Influenza Viruses (n = 77) N (%) | P$ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||||
| Female | 810 (38) | 569 (53) | 0.562 | 257 (53) | 1.000 | 90 (52) | 0.741 | 65 (52) | 0.449 | 47 (45) | 0.081 | 48 (62) | 0.054 |
| Male | 1,322 (62) | 506 (47) | 228 (47) | 84 (48) | 60 (48) | 58 (55) | 29 (38) | ||||||
| Age in years | |||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 16.96 ± 25.3 | 5.74 ± 13.8 | 3.15 ± 9.64 | 5.48 ± 12.55 | 6.48 ± 14.82 | 4.48 ± 11.12 | 19.52 ± 23.47 | ||||||
| Median | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.67 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 5.0 | ||||||
| (Range) | (0–90) | (0–85) | (0–85) | (0–77) | (0–74) | (0–57) | (0–76) | ||||||
| < 18 years | 1,493 (70) | 981 (91) | 0.000 | 470 (97) | 0.000 | 162 (93) | 0.143 | 111 (89) | 0.523 | 97 (92) | 0.330 | 47 (61) | 0.000 |
| < 1 year | 831 | 501 | 269 | 73 | 59 | 29 | 23 | ||||||
| 1–5 years | 567 | 384 | 165 | 66 | 46 | 52 | 17 | ||||||
| > 5 years | 95 | 96 | 36 | 23 | 6 | 16 | 7 | ||||||
| > 18 years | 639 (30) | 94 (9) | 15 (3) | 12 (7) | 14 (11) | 8 (8) | 30 (39) | ||||||
| Signs & symptoms at presentation | |||||||||||||
| Shortness of breath | 1,555 (73) | 1,033 (96) | 0.000 | 485 (100) | NA | 174 (100) | NA | 125 (100) | NA | 105 (100) | NA | 77 (100) | NA |
| Sore throat | 654 (31) | 273 (25) | 0.001 | 174 (36) | 0.001 | 35 (20) | 0.087 | 33 (26) | 0.429 | 18 (17) | 0.024 | 18 (23) | 0.394 |
| Sputum production | 1,169 (55) | 566 (53) | 0.077 | 254 (52) | 0.902 | 86 (49) | 0.396 | 66 (53) | 0.524 | 63 (60) | 0.068 | 46 (60) | 0.120 |
| Hemoptysis | 62 (3) | 20 (2) | 0.047 | 5 (1) | 0.110 | 4 (2) | 0.869 | 3 (2) | 0.426 | 2 (2) | 0.599 | 3 (4) | 0.175 |
| Body aches | 153 (7) | 165 (15) | 0.000 | 60 (12) | 0.005 | 30 (17) | 0.490 | 26 (21) | 0.060 | 22 (21) | 0.065 | 10 (13) | 0.391 |
| Tachypnea | 1,732 (81) | 1,000 (93) | 0.000 | 442 (91) | 0.362 | 154 (88) | 0.292 | 108 (86) | 0.459 | 98 (93) | 0.084 | 74 (96) | 0.038 |
| Nasal congestion | 300 (14) | 647 (60) | 0.000 | 322 (66) | 0.161 | 113 (65) | 0.244 | 69 (55) | 0.128 | 53 (50) | 0.397 | 30 (39) | 0.131 |
| Wheezing | 360 (17) | 881 (82) | 0.000 | 414 (85) | 0.186 | 141 (81) | 0.342 | 108 (86) | 0.123 | 82 (78) | 0.455 | 42 (55) | 0.000 |
| Stridor | 22 (1) | 7 (0.6) | 0.127 | 3 (0.6) | 1.000 | 0 (0) | 0.606 | 1 (0) | 0.586 | 1 (0) | 0.514 | 2 (0) | 0.052 |
| Abnormal Breath Sounds |
955 (45) | 558 (52) | 0.159 | 239 (49) | 0.140 | 84 (48) | 0.314 | 74 (59) | 0.054 | 60 (57) | 0..256 | 49 (64) | 0.023 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 209 (10) | 116 (11) | 0.360 | 54 (11) | 1.000 | 29 (17) | 0.011 | 12 (10) | 0.349 | 8 (7) | 0.174 | 5 (6) | 0.401 |
| Convulsions | 63 (3) | 108 (10) | 0.000 | 44 (9) | 0.245 | 18 (10) | 0.891 | 15 (12) | 0.284 | 17 (16) | 0.026 | 8 (10) | 0.215 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||||||
| Chronic Resp disease | 343 (16) | 460 (43) | 0.002 | 227 (47) | 0.062 | 52 (30) | 0.044 | 35 (28) | 0.066 | 45 (43) | 0.078 | 35 (45) | 0.053 |
| Asthma | 87 | 119 | 77 | 22 | 21 | 28 | 26 | ||||||
| COPD | 42 | 66 | 13 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 4 | ||||||
| Bronchiectasis | 101 | 133 | 88 | 11 | 9 | 12 | 2 | ||||||
| Othersa | 113 | 142 | 49 | 13 | 3 | 5 | 3 | ||||||
| Cardiac disease | 512 (24) | 214 (20) | 0.392 | 81 (17) | 0.046 | 37 (21) | 0.050 | 31 (25) | 0.078 | 26 (25) | 0.055 | 12 (16) | 0.158 |
| Heart failure | 299 | 44 | 22 | 13 | 14 | 9 | 7 | ||||||
| Congenital HD | 114 | 147 | 48 | 15 | 11 | 15 | 2 | ||||||
| Cardiomyopathy | 99 | 23 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| Endocrine disease | 147 (7) | 124 (12) | 0.000 | 50 (10) | 0.249 | 19 (11) | 0.897 | 24 (19) | 0.004 | 13 (12) | 0.420 | 12 (16) | 0.158 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 100 | 106 | 37 | 12 | 21 | 11 | 11 | ||||||
| Obesity | 47 | 18 | 13 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | ||||||
| Neuromuscular disease |
176 (8) | 90 (8) | 0.001 | 30 (6) | 0.033 | 15 (9) | 0.063 | 19 (15) | 0.012 | 10 (10) | 0.398 | 6 (8) | 0.233 |
| Muscle dis | 123 | 37 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 6 | 4 | ||||||
| Epilepsy | 53 | 53 | 17 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 2 | ||||||
| Renal disease | 43 (2) | 11 (1) | 0.951 | 5 (1) | 0.866 | 0 (0) | 0.322 | 3 (2) | 0.198 | 0 (0) | 0.314 | 2 (3) | 0.200 |
| Chronic RF | 34 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
| Nephrotic Syndrome | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Hepatic disease | 54 (3) | 9 (1) | 0.002 | 2 (0.5) | 0.001 | 3 (2) | 0.192 | 2 (2) | 0.277 | 1 (1) | 0.579 | 1 (1) | 0.496 |
| Ch hepatitis | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Liver cirrhosis | 33 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Hepatic failure | 12 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Hematologic disease | 23 (1) | 5 (0.5) | 0.583 | 0 (0) | 0.051 | 1 (0.5) | 0.428 | 1 (1) | 0.377 | 2 (2) | 0.079 | 1 (1) | 0.496 |
| Clinical course | |||||||||||||
| Pneumonia | 175 (8) | 29 (3) | 0.004 | 13 (2.6) | 0.033 | 4 (2) | 0.066 | 1 (1) | 0.288 | 4 (4) | 0.054 | 3 (4) | 0.299 |
| Admission to ICU | 606 (28) | 219 (20) | 0.000 | 82 (17) | 0.022 | 41 (23) | 0.123 | 20 (16) | 0.007 | 22 (21) | 0.064 | 36 (47) | 0.045 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 221 (10) | 100 (9) | 0.412 | 43 (9) | 0.052 | 13 (7) | 0.778 | 8 (6) | 0.373 | 7 (7) | 0.213 | 17 (22) | 0.001 |
| Complications | |||||||||||||
| Respiratory failure | 45 (2) | 22 (2) | 0.033 | 9 (2) | 0.552 | 4 (2) | 0.488 | 2 (2) | 0.607 | 4 (4) | 0.101 | 1 (1) | 0.349 |
| ARDS | 3 (0.1) | 15 (1.5) | 0.011 | 8 (2) | 0.063 | 4 (2) | 0.072 | 0 (0) | 0.237 | 0 (0) | 0.064 | 0 (0) | 0.078 |
| Outcomes$ | |||||||||||||
| Discharged | 1,852 (87) | 956 (89) | 0.005 | 433 (89) | 0.045 | 153 (88) | 0.051 | 116 (93) | 0.289 | 100 (95) | 0.131 | 62 (81) | 0.006 |
| Transferred | 174 (8) | 95 (8.8) | 40 (8.6) | 20 (11.5) | 7 (6) | 3 (3) | 10 (13) | ||||||
| Died | 106 (5) | 24 (2.2) | 12 (2.4) | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 4 (5) | ||||||
*P for comparison between virus-infected (SARI-positive) and non-infected (SARI-negative) individuals. P$ for SARI patients with a positive result for that pathogen compared to a reference group of tested SARI patients with a negative result for that pathogen. RSV Respiratory syncytial virus, PIV Para-influenza virus, ICU Intensive care unit, ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome, NA Not available a Others; immotile cilia syndrome, interstitial lung disease