Fig. 1.

Conditions in Exps. 1 and 3 (A), Exp. 2 (B), and Exp. 4 (C). The letters represent the bystander (B), victim (V), and wrongdoer (W); the arrows depict transgressions; the yellow overlays indicate members of the same group; and the conditions’ names specify V’s and W’s group memberships relative to B. In C, the white box in each uninformed scenario signals that B was absent during the transgression (her window was closed).