Different targets of the cardiac regenerative process. Although quantitative and qualitative restoration of cardiomyocytes has an important role in cardiac regeneration, other constitutive cardiac components are required to reach an optimal recovery of cardiac architecture and functionality after an injury. Pro-(green) and anti-regenerative (red) factors influencing different heart components are shown. CCR2 indicates C-C chemokine receptor type 2; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; IL, interleukin; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; nAG, newt anterior gradient protein; SDF1, C-X-C motif chemokine 12; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Tbx, T-box protein; and VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.