Extended Data Figure 1. Effects of sleep fragmentation on metabolic and cellular parameters.

a, Image of a sleep fragmentation cage. b, Body weight (n=10 per group). c, Plasma cholesterol at ZT3 (n=5 per group). d, Plasma glucose at ZT3 (n=5 per group). e, Glucose tolerance test (GTT) beginning at ZT3 and ZT12 (n=4 per group). f-h, Apoe^−/− mice were placed in sleep fragmentation chambers where the sweep bar operated during the dark period (ZT12–0) when mice are normally awake. Control mice were maintained in SF chambers with a stationary sweep bar. f, Assessment of atherosclerosis and lesion area (n=5 per group). g, Assessment of blood Ly-6C^hi monocytes and neutrophils (n=5 per group). h, Assessment of bone marrow LSKs and proliferation (n=5 per group). i, Aortic macrophage proliferation in Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/− SF mice after 16 weeks of SF at ZT3 and ZT14 (n=5 Apoe^−/−; n=4 Apoe^−/− SF). j, Quantification at ZT3 in Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/−SF mice of B cells, CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells in blood (n=10 Apoe^−/−; for B and CD4 T cells n=6 Apoe^−/− SF for CD8 T cells n=7 Apoe^−/− SF), k, spleen (n=10 Apoe^−/−; n=7 Apoe^−/− SF) and l, B cells in bone marrow (n=10 Apoe^−/−; n=7 Apoe^−/− SF). Data presented as mean ± s.e.m.