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. 2019 Feb 23;41:702–710. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.033

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Antagonistic mechanism of TGF-β and BMP pathways: TGF-β signalling suppresses BMP signalling through upregulating CTGF, Gremlin, Tmeff1 and miR-155, as shown in a-c; BMP signalling suppresses TGF-β signalling through upregulating CTGF and Smad6, as shown in d-e; TGF-β and BMP signalling restrict each other by competing for limited Smad4, as shown in f.