Table 3.
Impact of Parkinson’s disease on the risk of dementia by comorbidity
| Variables | ≦1 year | >1 year | ||||||
| ID (95% CI)* | Crude HR (95% CI) |
AHR (95% CI) |
ID (95% CI)* | Crude HR (95% CI) |
AHR (95% CI) |
|||
| Control group | PD group | Control group | PD group | |||||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 7.49 (6.23 to 8.76) |
110.98 (96.94 to 125.02) |
14.55 (11.79 to 17.95) |
7.75 (6.05 to 9.94)† |
8.57 (8.13 to 9.01) |
27.99 (25.45 to 30.53) |
3.36 (3.02 to 3.73) |
3.05 (2.69 to 3.45)† |
| Yes | 13.40 (11.26 to 15.55) |
116.81 (105.12 to 128.49) |
8.59 (7.12 to 10.37) |
5.25 (4.26 to 6.47)† |
14.80 (14.03 to 15.56) |
33.14 (30.81 to 35.48) |
2.29 (2.09 to 2.50) |
2.07 (1.87 to 2.28)† |
| Interaction: p=0.01 | Interaction: p<0.0001 | |||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 9.13 (7.95 to 10.31) |
115.65 (105.28 to 126.02) |
12.45 (10.64 to 14.56) |
6.99 (5.82 to 8.41)† |
10.15 (9.74 to 10.56) |
29.39 (27.48 to 31.29) |
2.97 (2.75 to 3.21) |
2.47 (2.26 to 2.70)† |
| Yes | 13.69 (10.07 to 17.31) |
110.87 (92.88 to 128.85) |
7.99 (5.87 to 10.89) |
4.43 (3.16 to 6.22)† |
15.46 (14.13 to 16.79) |
36.57 (32.61 to 40.53) |
2.42 (2.10 to 2.78) |
2.21 (1.89 to 2.59)† |
| Interaction: p=0.09 | Interaction: p=0.19 | |||||||
| CAD | ||||||||
| No | 8.47 (7.31 to 9.62) |
107.08 (96.49 to 117.67) |
12.45 (10.53 to 14.73) |
7.38 (6.09 to 8.95)† |
10.11 (9.69 to 10.52) |
29.77 (27.73 to 31.81) |
3.02 (2.79 to 3.28) |
2.58 (2.35 to 2.83)† |
| Yes | 16.39 (12.75 to 20.02) |
129.78 (113.04 to 146.52) |
7.79 (6.03 to 10.06) |
4.16 (3.13 to 5.55)† |
14.85 (13.66 to 16.04) |
33.69 (30.47 to 36.91) |
2.32 (2.05 to 2.63) |
2.04 (1.77 to 2.35)† |
| Interaction: p=0.02 | Interaction: p=0.01 | |||||||
| Stroke | ||||||||
| No | 7.84 (6.77 to 8.91) |
99.07 (88.88 to 109.26) |
12.44 (10.49 to 14.75) |
7.79 (6.44 to 9.42)† |
9.99 (9.59 to 10.39) |
29.39 (27.37 to 31.40) |
3.03 (2.80 to 3.29) |
2.71 (2.48 to 2.97)† |
| Yes | 27.73 (21.57 to 33.88) |
146.13 (128.41 to 163.86) |
5.20 (4.04 to 6.69) |
3.75 (2.87 to 4.90)† |
19.94 (18.09 to 21.80) |
34.66 (31.36 to 37.97) |
1.73 (1.52 to 1.98) |
1.68 (1.46 to 1.94)† |
| Interaction: p<0.0001 | Interaction: p<0.0001 | |||||||
| Hyperlipidaemia | ||||||||
| No | 9.83 (8.63 to 11.03) |
118.50 (108.36 to 128.63) |
11.84 (10.20 to 13.73) |
6.50 (5.46 to 7.73)† |
10.49 (10.08 to 10.90) |
30.64 (28.73 to 32.54) |
2.99 (2.78 to 3.23) |
2.51 (2.30 to 2.73)† |
| Yes | 9.08 (5.66 to 12.51) |
97.10 (77.97 to 116.23) |
10.57 (6.91 to 16.16) |
5.83 (3.64 to 9.32)† |
13.82 (12.40 to 15.23) |
32.52 (28.46 to 36.58) |
2.42 (2.05 to 2.84) |
2.02 (1.68 to 2.43)† |
| Interaction: p=0.92 | Interaction: p=0.18 | |||||||
| COPD | ||||||||
| No | 8.72 (7.53 to 9.91) |
108.70 (98.33 to 119.07) |
12.25 (10.38 to 14.46) |
6.78 (5.60 to 8.21)† |
10.21 (9.79 to 10.63) |
29.59 (27.62 to 31.56) |
2.98 (2.76 to 3.23) |
2.54 (2.32 to 2.78)† |
| Yes | 14.27 (11.10 to 17.43) |
128.85 (111.08 to 146.02) |
8.91 (6.87 to 11.56) |
5.33 (3.94 to 7.19)† |
13.77 (12.70 to 14.84) |
34.86 (31.31 to 38.41) |
2.56 (2.25 to 2.91) |
2.11 (1.82 to 2.45)† |
| Interaction: p=0.04 | Interaction: p=0.08 | |||||||
| Number of comorbidities | ||||||||
| 0 | 5.88 (4.56 to 7.19) |
99.30 (80.40 to 118.21) |
16.66 (12.43 to 22.33) |
8.68 (6.27 to 12.00)‡ |
7.48 (7.01 to 7.96) |
24.63 (21.32 to 27.94) |
3.40 (2.93 to 3.96) |
3.52 (2.97 to 4.16)‡ |
| 1 | 9.60 (7.19 to 12.00) |
104.64 (85.26 to 124.02) |
10.73 (7.86 to 14.64) |
7.70 (5.56 to 10.69)‡ |
11.76 (10.87 to 12.65) |
28.61 (24.94 to 32.27) |
2.47 (2.13 to 2.87) |
2.67 (2.27 to 3.13)‡ |
| ≧2 | 15.08 (12.65 to 17.52) |
122.57 (110.65 to 134.5) |
8.01 (6.63 to 9.66) |
4.90 (4.01 to 5.99)‡ |
15.28 (14.43 to 16.12) |
34.21 (31.83 to 36.60) |
2.28 (2.08 to 2.49) |
2.11 (1.92 to 2.32)‡ |
| Interaction: p=0.01 | Interaction: p<0.0001 | |||||||
| Charlson’s score | ||||||||
| 0 | 7.16 (6.04 to 8.28) |
95.08 (83.31 to 106.84) |
13.07 (10.72 to 15.96) |
7.34 (5.88 to 9.17)§ |
9.73 (9.30 to 10.15) |
28.39 (26.09 to 30.70) |
3.00 (2.73 to 3.29) |
2.67 (2.41 to 2.97)§ |
| 1 | 16.55 (12.80 to 20.29) |
120.17 (102.99 to 137.35) |
7.15 (5.47 to 9.33) |
4.36 (3.26 to 5.83)§ |
14.92 (13.70 to 16.13) |
34.79 (31.34 to 38.25) |
2.38 (2.09 to 2.71) |
2.11 (1.83 to 2.44)§ |
| ≧2 | 19.33 (14.13 to 24.53) |
148.51 (127.11 to 169.91) |
7.60 (5.61 to 10.31) |
5.08 (3.62 to 7.13)§ |
13.93 (12.36 to 15.51) |
32.35 (28.45 to 36.24) |
2.32 (1.96 to 2.73) |
2.07 (1.71 to 2.51)§ |
| Interaction: p=0.01 | Interaction: p=0.01 | |||||||
*Based on Poisson assumption.
†Based on Cox proportional hazard regression with competing risk analysis and adjusted for age, sex, insurance premium, urbanisation status, geographic area, occupational status, status of hypertension, diabetes, CAD, stroke, hyperlipidaemia, COPD, Charlson’s score, and number of medical visits.
‡Based on Cox proportional hazard regression with competing risk analysis and adjusted for all variables, except for comorbidities.
§Based on Cox proportional hazard regression with competing risk analysis and adjusted for all variables, except for Charlson’s score.
AHR, adjusted HR; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ID, incidence density(per 1000 person-years).