Table 1.
Participant characteristics by overall and type 2 diabetes status.
| Characteristics | No T2D | T2D | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1331) | (N = 120) | (N = 1451) | |
| Age (years); mean (SE) | 48.5 (0.2) | 67.1 (1.4) | 49.7 (0.2) |
| Gender (male); % (SE) | 48.2 (0.3) | 60.6 (4.6) | 49.0 (0.0) |
| Education (< secondary education); % (SE) | 20.9 (1.0) | 43.8 (4.8) | 22.4 (1.0) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2); mean (SE)a | 26.0 (0.1) | 28.7 (0.5) | 26.2 (0.1) |
| Urine cotinine ng/mL; % (SE) | |||
| < 34 | 72.7 (1.3) | 85.1 (3.8) | 73.5 (1.2) |
| 34–500 | 5.6 (0.7) | 4.9 (2.2) | 5.6 (0.6) |
| > 500 | 21.7 (1.2) | 10.1 (3.4) | 20.9 (1.1) |
| Smoking status; % (SE) | |||
| Never | 44.5 (1.3) | 46.1 (4.8) | 44.6 (1.3) |
| Former | 27.9 (1.2) | 39.8 (4.8) | 28.6 (1.2) |
| Current | 27.7 (1.3) | 14.1 (3.8) | 26.8 (1.2) |
| Alcohol intake (mg/day); mean (SE) | 11.2 (0.6) | 11.2 (2.9) | 11.2 (0.6) |
| Fish intake (g/month); % (SE) | |||
| 0 | 12.4 (0.9) | 24.0 (4.2) | 13.1 (0.9) |
| 0 – 2000 | 46.0 (1.4) | 32.4 (4.6) | 45.2 (1.3) |
| > 2000 | 41.6 (1.4) | 43.7 (4.9) | 41.7 (1.3) |
| Residence place (urban); % (SE) | 76.6 (1.2) | 75.8 (4.3) | 76.6 (1.1) |
| Total plasma arsenic (μg/L); GM (95% CI) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.7) | 2.6 (2.4, 2.7) |
| Total urine arsenic (μg/L); GM (95% CI) | 59.5 (55.3, 64.0) | 106.4 (82.6, 137) | 61.7 (57.5, 66.2) |
| Urine creatinine (g/L); GM (95% CI) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.91, 0.96) |
| Total urine arsenic (μg/g); GM (95% CI) | 64.0 (59.0, 69.3) | 106 (82.3, 136) | 66.0 (61.1, 71.2) |
| ΣiAs (μg/g); GM (95% CI) b,c | 10.9 (9.2, 12.9) | 14.9 (11.0, 20.2) | 11.1 (9.5, 13.0) |
| Arsenobetaine (μg/g); GM (95% CI) c | 46.1 (37.5, 56.7) | 66.5 (37.9, 116.6) | 47.3 (38.8, 57.6) |
| % iAs; median (IQR) c | 2.7 (1.1, 5.8) | 1.9 (1.4, 5.0) | 2.6 (1.2, 5.6) |
| % MMA; median (IQR) c | 11.0 (2.7, 29.7) | 6.3 (2.5, 18.5) | 10.4 (2.7, 29) |
| % DMA; median (IQR) c | 83.7 (61.1, 94.3) | 90.8 (79.5, 94.7) | 84.6 (62.5, 94.3) |
a
6 and 50 participants with and without T2D missed body mass index information.
b
ΣiAs=AsIII+AsV+MMA+DMA; iAs=AsIII+AsV.
c
Calculated in the 295 participants subsample with available arsenic speciation measurements (27 and 268 participants with and without T2D).
AsIII, AsV, MMA, DMA and Asb not detectable values were imputed as a LOD divided by the square root of 2.
Abbreviations: T2D, type 2 diabetes; SE, standard error; GM, geometric mean; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; AsIII, arsenite; AsV, arsenate; iAs, inorganic arsenic, MMA monomethylarsonate; DMA, dimethylarsinate; Asb, arsenobetaine.