Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| PPCM | Gestational HTN | Pre-eclampsia | GDM | Uncomplicated pregnancies* | |
| n | 558 | 47 980 | 62 162 | 107 636 | 1 455 554 |
| Mean age (SD) | 31 (7) | 28 (7) | 28 (7) | 32 (6) | 28 (6) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 174 (31%) | 18 801 (39%) | 19 994 (32%) | 28 153 (26%) | 515 843 (35%) |
| Black | 116 (21%) | 4427 (9%) | 5693 (9%) | 4774 (4%) | 91 344 (6%) |
| Hispanic | 133 (24%) | 17 198 (36%) | 26 458 (43%) | 44 794 (42%) | 565 042 (39%) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 82 (15%) | 4236 (9%) | 5572 (9%) | 21 705 (20%) | 171 072 (12%) |
| Other | 47 (8%) | 2658 (6%) | 3610 (6%) | 6553 (6%) | 77 394 (5%) |
| Native American | <10 (<2%)† | 660 (1%) | 835 (1%) | 1657 (2%) | 34 859 (2%) |
| Income | |||||
| First quartile | 155 (28%) | 13 088 (27%) | 18 729 (30%) | 26 292 (24%) | 389 006 (27%) |
| Second quartile | 145 (26%) | 12 637 (26%) | 16 252 (26%) | 27 992 (26%) | 378 219 (26%) |
| Third quartile | 132 (24%) | 11 509 (24%) | 14 619 (24%) | 26 721 (25%) | 350 629 (24%) |
| Fourth quartile | 126 (23%) | 10 746 (22%) | 12 562 (20%) | 26 631 (25%) | 337 700 (23%) |
| Insurance status | |||||
| Medicare | <10 (<2%)† | 166 (0.35%) | 317 (1%) | 441 (0.4%) | 4380 (0.3%) |
| Medicaid | 222 (40%) | 17 903 (37%) | 24 814 (40%) | 33 902 (32%) | 536 653 (37%) |
| Private insurance | 311 (56%) | 28 530 (59%) | 35 165 (57%) | 71 157 (66%) | 869 142 (60%) |
| Self-pay | 11 (2%) | 588 (1%) | 874 (1%) | 824 (0.8%) | 20 183 (1%) |
| Other | <10 (<2%)† | 793 (2%) | 992 (2%) | 1312 (1%) | 25 196 (2%) |
| Hospitalisation | |||||
| Mean cost (SD) | $36 979 ($49 863) | $17 316 ($15 642) | $30 194 ($29 414) | $21 068 ($22 192) | $16 458 ($13 948) |
| Days to rehospitalisation | 74 (204) | 679 (381) | 642 (399) | 676 (378) | 665 (386) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Drug abuse | 21 (4%) | 792 (2%) | 1244 (2%) | 691 (0.6%) | 18 145 (1%) |
| Diabetes | 22 (4%) | 1146 (2%) | 2554 (4%) | 656 (0.6%) | 12 570 (0.8%) |
| Chronic HTN | 50 (9%) | 4907 (10%) | 5743 (9%) | 4261 (4%) | 10 016 (0.7%) |
| Obesity | 71 (13%) | 3842 (8%) | 5215 (8%) | 7858 (7%) | 32 986 (2%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | <10 (<2%)† | 30 (0.07%) | 236 (0.4%) | 50 (0.05%) | 246 (0.02%) |
| Caesarean section | 87 (16%) | 4794 (10%) | 6323 (10%) | 20 619 (19%) | 182 361 (13%) |
| Multiple births | <10 (<2%)† | 44 (0.1%) | 237 (0.4%) | 164 (0.15%) | 644 (0.04%) |
| Smoking (active) | 12 (2%) | 374 (0.8%) | 537 (0.9%) | 605 (0.6%) | 9807 (0.7%) |
| Stillbirth | <10 (<2%)† | 286 (0.6%) | 621 (1%) | 485 (0.5%) | 8661 (0.6%) |
| Preterm birth | 100 (18%) | 4565 (10%) | 16 167 (26%) | 10 654 (10%) | 87 895 (6%) |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | 14 (3%) | 1267 (3%) | 3217 (5%) | 1609 (1%) | 17 779 (1%) |
| Family history of CVD | <10 (<2%)† | 94 (0.2%) | 303 (0.5%) | 346 (0.3%) | 2578 (0.2%) |
| Baseline DM | 15 (3%) | 881 (2%) | 2009 (3%) | 1979 (2%) | 10 081 (0.7%) |
Baseline characteristics for patients included in the analysis; those with pre-existing MI, heart failure, stroke, and congenital or valvular heart disease were excluded.
*Uncomplicated pregnancies in this context are defined as pregnancies uncomplicated by PPCM, gestational HTN, pre-eclampsia or GDM.
†In accordance with HCUP policies, categories in which there were fewer than 10 patients are represented simply as <10.
CVD, cardiovascular disease;DM, diabetes mellitus;GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HCUP, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project; HTN, hypertension;MI, myocardial infarction; PPCM, peripartum cardiomyopathy.