Table 3.
Echocardiographic parameters of patients in Copenhagen Heart Failure Risk Study, according to HF stage
| All patients (n=400) | HF stage A (n=177) | HF stage B (n=150) | HF stage C (n=73) | P value for trend | |
| Left ventricle structure and dimension | |||||
| IVSd, cm | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.02)*† | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.12) | <0.001 |
| LVIDd, cm | 4.75 (4.28, 5.21) | 4.69 (4.22, 5.05) | 4.80 (4.40, 5.31) | 4.87 (4.39, 5.36) | 0.071 |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 | 39.22 (32.81, 48.39) | 39.87 (32.60, 46.05) | 40.42 (33.84, 51.68) | 38.24 (31.58, 48.16) | 0.480 |
| LVEDVi abnormal‡, n (%) | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.1) | 2 (2.9) | |
| LVmassI, g/m2 | 76.07 (64.53, 90.84) | 71.34 (62.71, 82.70)*† | 80.29 (68.69, 95.41) | 83.95 (66.82, 106.75) | <0.001 |
| LVmassI abnormal‡, n (%) | 40 (10.3) | 0 (0.0)*† | 21 (14.4) | 19 (26.4) | |
| Abnormal structure or dimension, n (%) | 42 (10.5) | 0 (0.0)*† | 23 (15.3) | 19 (26.4) | |
| Left ventricle systolic function | |||||
| LVEF biplane, % | 62.62 (55.15, 68.01) | 64.49 (58.60, 68.35)* | 59.27 (51.98, 65.58) | 61.20 (51.60, 69.10) | <0.001 |
| LVEF biplane abnormal‡, n(%) | 59 (14.8) | 0 (0.0)*† | 39 (26.0) | 20 (27.4) | |
| LVEF ≥50%, n (%) | 360 (90.0) | 177 (100.0)*† | 124 (82.7) | 59 (80.6) | <0.001 |
| LVEF 40%–49%, n (%) | 28 (7.0) | 0 (0.0)*† | 18 (12.0) | 10 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| LVEF <40%, n (%) | 12 (3.0) | 0 (0.0)*† | 8 (5.3) | 4 (5.5) | 0.005 |
| WMSi | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)* | 1.0 (1.0, 1.13) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 0.002 |
| WMSi abnormal‡, n (%) | 28 (7.2) | 0 (0.0)*† | 22 (15.2) | 6 (8.3) | |
| s’ septal, cm/s | 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) | 7.29 (6.47, 8.71)*† | 6.85 (5.77, 7.75) | 6.39 (5.72, 7.15) | <0.001 |
| s’ lateral, cm/s | 7.92 (6.69, 9.13) | 8.44 (7.06, 9.40)*† | 7.74 (6.49, 9.05) | 7.22 (6.00, 8.66) | <0.001 |
| GLS, % | −21.00 (−23.03, −18.10) | −21.28 (−23.03, −19.03)* | −20.23 (−22.80, −17.00) | −20.67 (−24.10, −17.87) | 0.010 |
| GLS abnormal‡, n (%) | 27 (7.0) | 0 (0.0)*† | 19 (13.1) | 8 (11.3) | |
| Abnormal systolic function, n (%) | 68 (17.0) | 0 (0.0)*† | 47 (31.3) | 21 (29.2) | |
| Left ventricle diastolic function | |||||
| e’ septal, cm/s | 6.22 (5.15, 7.54) | 6.81 (5.77, 7.98)*† | 5.84 (4.66, 6.98) | 5.90 (4.86, 7.33) | <0.001 |
| e’ septal abnormal‡, n (%) | 35 (8.8) | 0 (0.0)*† | 29 (19.6) | 6 (8.2) | |
| E/e’ septal | 11.51 (9.37, 14.50) | 10.51 (8.69, 12.07)*† | 13.09 (10.13, 17.26) | 13.17 (11.06, 16.19) | <0.001 |
| E/e’ septal abnormal‡, n (%) | 73 (20.6) | 0 (0.0)*† | 51 (39.5) | 22 (41.5) | |
| E/e’ lateral | 8.60 (6.81, 11.18) | 8.22 (6.59, 9.66) | 9.62 (7.12, 12.88) | 10.45 (7.32, 13.05) | <0.001 |
| E/e’ lateral abnormal‡, n (%) | 44 (12.4) | 0 (0.0)*† | 30 (23.3) | 14 (26.4) | |
| E/A | 0.87 (0.73, 1.02) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.73, 1.07) | 0.003 |
| MV deceleration time, ms | 262.08 (223.48, 308.94) | 265.03 (225.90, 308.94) | 258.36 (219.85, 305.04) | 260.69 (224.30, 329.28) | 0.857 |
| LAvol index, mL/m2 | 29.66 (24.57, 37.41) | 26.36 (22.47, 29.87)*† | 35.48 (27.80, 43.64) | 37.98 (29.56, 45.77) | <0.001 |
| LAvol index abnormal‡, n (%) | 122 (30.7) | 0 (0.0)*† | 76 (51.4) | 46 (63.0) | |
| Abnormal diastolic function, n (%) | 150 (37.5) | 0 (0.0)*† | 105 (70.0) | 45 (62.5) | |
| Right ventricle function | |||||
| TAPSE, mm | 22.10 (19.52, 25.17) | 22.48 (20.43, 25.17)† | 22.10 (19.00, 25.55) | 20.75 (18.33, 23.71) | 0.006 |
| TR velocity, m/s | 2.45 (2.24, 2.62) | 2.34 (2.16, 2.52)*† | 2.51 (2.30, 2.65) | 2.54 (2.29, 2.77) | 0.008 |
Categorical values are presented in percentages, and continuous values are presented as median with 25th and 75th percentiles.
‡ Abnormal echocardiographic parameter according to the study definition.
*P<0.017 for HF stage A vs HF stage B.
†P<0.017 for HF stage A vs HF stage C.
‡
§P<0.017 for HF stage B vs HF stage C.
¶
E, peak velocity of early mitral inflow; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HF, heart failure; IVSd, interventricular septal end diastole; LAvol, left atrial volume; LVEDVi, left ventricle end-diastolic volume indexed; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; LVIDd, left ventricle internal diameter diastole; LVmassI, left ventricle mass index; MV, mitral valve; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; WMSi, Wall Motion Score Index; e', myocardial peak early velocity; e’, myocardial peak early velocity; s’, myocardial peak systolic velocity.