Table 3. Changes in extent of recent marathon-related coverage predicts distress, startle reactivity, perceptual sensitivity, and shooting behavior.

Outcome	B	SE	t-ratio	df	p	Cohen’s d
Self-reported Distress
Model Intercept	9.11	0.74	12.23	90	< .001**	2.58
Model Slope	-7.13	3.41	2.09	90	.039*	0.44
Startle Amplitude
Model Intercept	27.23	1.65	16.47	90	< .001*	3.47
Model Slope	-43.4	14.34	3.03	90	.003**	0.64
Perceptual Sensitivity
Model Intercept	0.64	0.03	19.56	90	< .001**	4.12
Model Slope	0.51	0.2	2.58	90	.011**	0.54
Response Bias	0.39	0.08	5.12	90	< .001**	1.08
Threat Response Bias
Model Intercept	0.15	0.03	4.78	90	< .001**	1.01
Model Slope	-0.41	0.17	2.45	90	.016*	0.52
P. Sensitivity	0.27	0.06	4.45	90	< .001**	0.94

Note: Model uses robust standard errors (i.e., random effects). Model coefficients (B) are unstandardized. Model Slope represents the coefficient estimates for the extent of recent marathon-related media content, which is centered around each participant’s own mean. Slopes can be interpreted as the predicted change in the outcome variable associated with a 1 unit increase in the extent of recent Marathon-related coverage. For example, a participant’s startle amplitude is predicted to be 43.40 μV lower when the likelihood of a reader seeing at least one marathon related article every day in the four newspapers assessed here is 100% than when it is 0%.

*p < .05

**p < .0125 (Bonferroni-corrected alpha)