Table 2.
Association of mid-pregnancy placental growth factor with cardiovascular risk factors six and nine years after pregnancy
| Confounder model Beta (95% CI) | P-value | BMI model Beta (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population | |||||
| Six years after pregnancy (n=3797) | |||||
| ‡Aortic root diameter (mm) | −0.24 (−0.39, −0.10) | 0.001 | −0.24 (−0.39, −0.10) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| ‡Left atrial diameter (mm) | −0.75 (−0.95, −0.56) | <0.001 | −0.75 (−0.95, −0.56) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left ventricular mass (g) | −3.9 (−5.5, −2.3) | <0.001 | −3.9 (−5.5, −2.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| *Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) | 0.13 | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.12) | 0.12 | 0.19 |
| ‡Fractional shortening | −0.18 (−0.43, 0.08) | 0.18 | −0.18 (−0.44, 0.08) | 0.17 | 0.21 |
| †Central retinal arteriolar caliber (SDS) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.30 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.30 | 0.33 |
| †Central retinal venular caliber (SDS) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | 0.77 | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.05) | 0.77 | 0.77 |
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | −0.88 (−1.5, −0.28) | 0.004 | −0.88 (−1.5, −0.28) | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | −0.33 (−0.80, 0.14) | 0.17 | −0.33 (−0.81, 0.14) | 0.17 | 0.21 |
| Nine years after pregnancy (n=3198) | |||||
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | −1.1 (−1.7, −0.45) | 0.001 | −1.1 (−1.7, −0.46) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | −0.48 (−0.91, −0.05) | 0.03 | −0.47 (−0.90, −0.05) | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Uncomplicated pregnancies | |||||
| Six years after pregnancy (n=3270) | |||||
| ‡Aortic root diameter (mm) | −0.28 (−0.44, −0.12) | 0.001 | −0.28 (−0.44, −0.12) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| ‡Left atrial diameter (mm) | −0.81 (−1.0, −0.60) | <0.001 | −0.81 (−1.0, −0.60) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left ventricular mass (g) | −4.4 (−6.2, −2.7) | <0.001 | −4.4 (−6.2, −2.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| *Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.08 | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.08 | 0.15 |
| ‡Fractional shortening | −0.20 (−0.47, 0.09) | 0.17 | −0.20 (−0.47, 0.08) | 0.17 | 0.23 |
| †Central retinal arteriolar caliber (SDS) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.37 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | 0.37 | 0.41 |
| †Central retinal venular caliber (SDS) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.74 | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.74 | 0.74 |
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | −0.95 (−1.6, −0.30) | 0.004 | −0.95 (−1.6, −0.30) | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | −0.29 (−0.80, 0.22) | 0.27 | −0.29 (−0.80, 0.22) | 0.27 | 0.33 |
| Nine years after pregnancy (n=2748) | |||||
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | −1.1 (−1.8, −0.36) | 0.003 | −1.1 (−1.8, −0.36) | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | −0.35 (−0.81, 0.11) | 0.14 | −0.34 (−0.80, 0.12) | 0.15 | 0.23 |
Abbreviations: Body mass index, BMI; Confidence Interval, CI; Diastolic blood pressure, DBP; Multiple of the median, MoM; Placental growth factor, PlGF; Pulse wave velocity, PWV; Systolic blood pressure, SBP; Standard deviation score, SDS. Values are regression coefficients with β and 95% confidence interval, based on linear regression models. Estimates represent the unit increase in the outcome per 1 multiple of the median increase in PlGF.
Adjusted for maternal age at enrollment, gravidity during pregnancy, time interval between pregnancy and follow-up, ethnicity, educational level, smoking during pregnancy, change in systolic blood pressure between early pregnancy and mid-pregnancy (and change in BMI between pre-pregnancy and mid-pregnancy in the BMI model).
In addition to the ‡ model adjusted for pulse at the time of PWV assessment.
In addition to the ‡ model adjusted for other retinal vessel.
The adjusted P-value adjusts for multiple comparisons via the Benjamini-Hochberg method.