Table 3.
Association of mid-pregnancy placental growth factor in quartiles with cardiovascular risk factors six and nine years after pregnancy
| Outcome | Low PlGF MoM ≤ 0.72 116.4 pg./mL (62.6, 171.4) Beta (95% CI) |
Medium low PlGF MoM 0.73 - 1.0 176.7 pg./mL (127.6, 247.9) Beta (95% CI) |
Medium high PlGF MoM 1.01 - 1.40 243.9 pg./mL (176.5, 342.5) Beta (95% CI) |
High PlGF MoM ≥ 1.41 422.2 pg./mL (260.2, 714.8) |
P for Trend | Adjusted P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total population (n = 3797) | ||||||
| Six years after pregnancy | ||||||
| ‡Aortic root diameter (mm) | 0.40 (0.08, 0.73) | 0.22 (−0.10, 0.54) | 0.20 (−0.13, 0.52) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left atrial diameter (mm) | 0.34 (−0.09, 0.78) | 0.26 (−0.17, 0.69) | 0.40 (−0.03, 0.83) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left ventricular mass (g) | 4.6 (1.1, 8.1) | 1.2 (−2.3, 4.6) | 0.74 (−2.8, 4.2) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.15) | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.15) | ref | 0.33 | 0.61 |
| ‡Fractional shortening | −0.01 (−0.58, 0.55) | −0.05 (−0.60, 0.50) | 0.10 (−0.46, 0.66) | ref | 0.42 | 0.62 |
| †Central retinal arteriolar caliber (SDS) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.03) | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.08) | ref | 0.62 | 0.68 |
| †Central retinal venular caliber (SDS) | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.16) | 0.04 (−0.07, 0.16) | 0.02 (−0.10, 0.14) | ref | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | 2.3 (0.93, 3.6) | 1.0 (−0.31, 2.3) | 1.3 (0.04, 2.7) | ref | 0.005 | 0.02 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | 0.89 (−0.15, 1.9) | 0.63 (−0.40, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.17, 2.2) | ref | 0.51 | 0.62 |
| Nine years after pregnancy (n=3198) | ||||||
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | 2.6 (1.2, 4.0) | 1.2 (−0.21, 2.6) | 2.2 (0.82, 3.6) | ref | 0.04 | 0.09 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | 1.8 (0.81, 2.7) | 0.88 (−0.05, 1.8) | 1.4 (0.48, 2.3) | ref | 0.46 | 0.62 |
| Uncomplicated pregnancies (n=3270) | ||||||
| Six years after pregnancy | ||||||
| ‡Aortic root diameter (mm) | 0.45 (0.09, 0.80) | 0.33 (−0.02, 0.67) | 0.30 (−0.05, 0.64) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left atrial diameter (mm) | 0.28 (−0.20, 0.75) | 0.16 (−0.30, 0.62) | 0.30 (−0.16, 0.76) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Left ventricular mass (g) | 5.1 (1.3, 8.9) | 2.2 (−1.5, 5.9) | 1.2 (−2.5, 4.8) | ref | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ‡Pulse wave velocity (m/s) | 0.04 (−0.11, 0.19) | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.06) | 0.01 (−0.13, 0.16) | ref | 0.27 | 0.50 |
| ‡Fractional shortening | −0.12 (−0.72, 0.48) | −0.15 (−0.73, 0.44) | 0.21 (−0.38, 0.79) | ref | 0.41 | 0.56 |
| †Central retinal arteriolar caliber (SDS) | −0.08 (−0.21, 0.04) | −0.09 (−0.21, 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.08) | ref | 0.57 | 0.68 |
| †Central retinal venular caliber (SDS) | 0.07 (−0.06, 0.20) | 0.06 (−0.07, 0.19) | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | ref | 0.70 | 0.70 |
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | 1.8 (0.35,3.2) | 0.67 (−0.71, 2.1) | 0.78 (−0.59, 2.2) | ref | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | 0.82 (−0.29, 1.9) | 0.39 (−0.70, 1.5) | 0.83 (−0.25, 1.9) | ref | 0.40 | 0.56 |
| Nine years after pregnancy (n=2748) | ||||||
| ‡SBP (mmHg) | 2.3 (0.84, 3.8) | 0.78 (−0.70, 2.3) | 1.9 (0.40, 3.3) | ref | 0.047 | 0.10 |
| ‡DBP (mmHg) | 1.6 (0.58, 2.6) | 0.70 (−0.29, 1.7) | 1.1 (0.17, 2.1) | ref | 0.62 | 0.68 |
Abbreviations: Body mass index, BMI ;Confidence Interval, CI; Diastolic blood pressure, DBP; Multiple of the median, MoM; Placental growth factor, PlGF; Systolic blood pressure, SBP; Standard deviation score, SDS. Values are regression coefficients with β and 95% confidence interval, based on linear regression models, and are compared to women with high PlGF. Estimates represent the unit increase in the outcome per 1 multiple of the median increase in PlGF, compared to the reference category.
Adjusted for maternal age at enrollment, gravidity during pregnancy, time interval between pregnancy and follow-up, ethnicity, educational level, smoking during pregnancy, change in systolic blood pressure between early pregnancy and mid-pregnancy (and change in BMI between pre-pregnancy and mid-pregnancy in the BMI model).
In addition to the ‡ model adjusted for pulse at the time of PWV assessment.
In addition to the ‡ model adjusted for other retinal vessel.
The P for trend is the result of univariate ANOVA analysis through linear contrast analysis. The adjusted P-value adjusts for multiple comparisons via the Benjamini-Hochberg method.