Table 3.
Multivariate Associations between Risk and Protective Factors and Criminal Involvement, Delinquency, Drug Distribution, Substance Use, and Sexual Violence Perpetration for Adolescent Gang Members (N = 449)
| HED (days) | Marijuana (days) | Any hard drugs | Arrest | Delinquency | Drug distribution | Sexual violence | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVARIATES | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) |
| Male | 1.09 (0.19) | 1.23 (0.15)+ | 1.87 (0.46)** | 1.22 (0.12)* | 0.91 (0.07) | 1.09 (0.10) | 0.32 (0.15)** |
| Age | 1.23 (0.09)** | 1.05 (0.05) | 1.12 (0.09) | 1.11 (0.04)** | 0.97 (0.03) | 1.01 (0.03) | 1.42 (0.24)* |
| Race (ref: Black) | |||||||
| Latino | 1.38 (0.25)+ | 1.07 (0.15) | 1.12 (0.31) | 0.88 (0.10) | 0.88 (0.08) | 1.18 (0.13) | 1.01 (0.65) |
| Other race | 0.59 (0.16)+ | 1.19 (0.21) | 1.27 (0.46) | 1.02 (0.12) | 1.01 (0.10) | 0.84 (0.11) | 0.79 (0.50) |
| Financial stress | 0.98 (0.06) | 1.03 (0.05) | 1.18 (0.10)+ | 1.00 (0.03) | 0.95 (0.02)* | 1.01 (0.04) | 0.83 (0.14) |
| Years in gang | 1.02 (0.03) | 1.02 (0.01) | 1.06 (0.04)+ | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.00 (0.01) | 1.01 (0.01) | 1.10 (0.05)* |
| FAMILY | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) |
| Lives with parent/guardian | 1.00 (0.18) | 0.89 (0.11) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Family communication | 0.87 (0.05)* | -- | -- | -- | 0.99 (0.03) | -- | -- |
| Family monitoring | 1.01 (0.06) | 0.91 (0.04)* | -- | -- | 1.00 (0.03) | 0.94 (0.03)* | -- |
| Parental investment | 0.93 (0.07) | 1.14 (0.06)** | -- | -- | 0.94 (0.03)* | -- | 0.86 (0.16) |
| Parent/guardian drug use | 1.34 (0.27) | 0.98 (0.16) | 2.79 (0.95)** | 1.02 (0.12) | 1.02 (0.09) | 1.31 (0.14)** | 2.29 (1.40) |
| Parent allows adolescent sub. use | 1.31 (0.27) | 1.48 (0.23)* | 1.36 (0.42) | 1.13 (0.13) | 1.19 (0.10)* | 1.28 (0.13)* | 4.12 (3.15)+ |
| Family gang involvement | 1.01 (0.05) | 1.02 (0.03) | 1.05 (0.06) | 1.04 (0.02)+ | -- | 1.00 (0.02) | 0.95 (0.10) |
| Parent/guardian incarceration | 1.07 (0.20) | 1.17 (0.14) | 1.61 (0.44)+ | 1.12 (0.13) | 1.07 (0.08) | 1.01 (0.11) | 3.26 (1.77)* |
| SCHOOL | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) |
| Enrolled in school | 1.04 (0.23) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Feels safe at school | -- | -- | -- | -- | 0.80 (0.06)** | -- | -- |
| School involvement | 0.80 (0.10)+ | 0.96 (0.10) | -- | -- | 0.85 (0.05)** | 0.93 (0.07) | -- |
| NEIGHBORHOOD | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | IRR (SE) | OR (SE) |
| Collective monitoring | -- | 0.87 (0.08) | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Police interactions | 1.34 (0.09)*** | 1.13 (0.06)* | 1.43 (0.14)*** | 1.36 (0.06)*** | 1.25 (0.04)*** | 1.19 (0.05)*** | -- |
| Neighborhood disorder | 1.00 (0.14) | 1.26 (0.13)* | 1.26 (0.26) | -- | -- | 1.29 (0.10)*** | -- |
| R2 | -- | -- | 0.32*** | -- | -- | -- | 0.44*** |
***
p < .001
**
p < .01
*
p < .05
+
p < .10
Incident rate ratios (IRRs, from multivariate Poisson and negative binomial regressions) or odds ratios (ORs, from multivariate logistic regressions) are reported along with standard errors (SEs). Analyses were performed on 100 multiply imputed datasets and account for clustering by referral. R2 values are not available for Poisson and negative binomial regressions. Sub. use = alcohol/drug use; HED = heavy episodic drinking.