Table 2. Descriptive Statistics.

	Mean (SD)
	(1) Full Sample	(2) Mothers	(3) Fathers	(4) High-income Countries	(5) Low- and middle-income Countries
Demographics
Parent age	40.2 (6.6)	38.8 (6.3)	41.8 (6.6)	41.1 (6.9)	39.5 (6.2)
Married (%)	80.5 (37.8)			68.2 (44.4)	90.4 (27.9)
Education (years)	12.8 (4.1)	12.7 (4.1)	12.9 (4.1)	13.2 (4.4)	12.5 (3.7)
Employed (%)	78.6 (26.0)			79.3 (26.7)	78.1 (25.6)
# of adults	2.6 (1.1)			2.1 (0.6)	2.9 (1.2)
# of children	2.3 (1.2)			2.2 (0.9)	2.3 (1.3)
Economic hardship
Perceived material deprivation (%)	28.3 (38.1)	30.5 (38.9)	25.6 (37.1)	26.9 (38.4)	29.4 (37.9)
Income (2010 US $)	34,013.01 (30,493.00)			43,985.83 (27,107.71)	24,397.22 (30,059.84)
Parenting behavior
Child-report physical aggression (1–5)	1.5 (0.7)	1.5 (0.7)	1.4 (0.7)	1.3 (0.6)	1.6 (0.8)
Child-report psychological aggression (1–5)	1.7 (0.7)	1.7 (0.7)	1.6 (0.6)	1.6 (0.6)	1.7 (0.7)
Parent-report physical aggression (1–5)	1.5 (0.5)	1.5 (0.6)	1.5 (0.5)	1.4 (0.4)	1.6 (0.6)
Parent-report psychological aggression (1–5)	2.0 (0.6)	2.0 (0.6)	1.9 (0.5)	1.9 (0.5)	2.0 (0.6)
Parent psychosocial characteristics
Parental serf-efficacy score (1–5)	3.8 (0.7)	3.8 (0.5)	3.7 (0.8)	3.9 (0.8)	3.6 (0.5)
Social desirability score (1–13)	8.7 (2.4)	8.7 (2.3)	8.6 (2.5)	8.5 (2.5)	8.8 (2.3)
Collectivism score (1–4)	2.8 (0.3)	2.8 (0.3)	2.7 (0.3)	2.8 (0.2)	2.7 (0.2)
Child characteristics
Child age	10.1 (0.9)			10.3 (0.9)	9.9 (0.8)
Child-report internalizing behavior (0–58)	12.8 (8.4)			12.9 (8.2)	12.8 (8.5)
Child-report externalizing behavior (0–58)	9.2 (6.8)			9.0 (6.4)	9.4 (7.1)
Parent-report internalizing behavior (0–58)	8.6 (6.8)	9.1 (6.4)	8.2 (6.0)	8.0 (6.4)	9.2 (6.1)
Parent-report externalizing behavior (0–58)	9.4 (7.1)	10.3 (6.8)	9.7 (6.2)	9.1 (6.5)	10.7 (6.5)
N (Families)	2.870	2.870	2.870	1.260	1.610