Table 3.
Association between lithium concentration in water and suicide rate as observed in epidemiological studies (+ positive correlation; − negative correlation; x no correlation)
| Location | Lithium concentration (μg/L) | Correlation | Sex differences | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA (Texas) | 0–160 (C) | – | Not available | [8] |
| Japan (Oita) | 0.7–59 | – | Only in men | [9] |
| Austria | 33–1300 | – | Only in women | [10] |
| England | 0–21 | x | [58] | |
| USA (Texas) | 2.8–219 | – | Not available | [63] |
| Greece | 0.1–121 | – | Not available | [12] |
| Japan (Aomori) | 0–12.9 | – | Only in women | [11] |
| Japan (Kyushu) | 0–130 | – | Only in men | [81] |
| Italy | 0.11–60.8 | – | Only in women | [64] |
| Japan (Hokkaido and Kyushu) | 0.1–43 | – | Only in men | [82] |
| Lithuania | 0.48–35.5 | – | Only in men | [13] |
| Denmark | 0.6–30.7 | + | [55] |