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. 2019 Mar 26;10:570. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00570

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Copyright © 2019 Hirahara, Shinoda, Morimoto, Kiuchi, Aoki, Kumagai, Kokubo and Nakayama.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Pathogenic interaction between immune cells and epithelial/mesenchymal cells in allergic airway inflammation. The selective localization and survival of memory-type Tpath2 cells within iBALT are supported by IL-7⁺ lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). These IL-7⁺ LECs are also IL-33⁺ and may therefore induce memory Th2 cells to be more pathogenic. A subpopulation of memory-type pathogenic Th2 (Tpath2) cells produces Amphiregulin, reprogramming eosinophils to the inflammatory state via the production of osteopontin and facilitating the fibrotic responses in the airway.