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. 2019 Mar 26;10:359. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00359

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Multiple pathways for chloroplast degradation. Partial or whole chloroplast contents are sequestered into various types of compartments for degradation. In a macroautophagy-like (Macro chlorophagy, left), Rubisco-containing body (RCB) (Ishida et al., 2008), ATI1-GFP Labels Plastid-Associated Body (ATI-PS body) (Michaeli et al., 2014), and small starch granule-like structure (SSTG) (Wang Y. et al., 2013), as well as entire chloroplast (Izumi et al., 2017) are sequestered by a autophagosome. In a microautophagy-like (Micro chlorophagy, right) pathway, CV-containing vesicle (CCV) (Wang and Blumwald, 2014), senescence-associated vacuole (SAV) (Otegui et al., 2005), globular vacuole (Woodson et al., 2015) as well as direct vacuolar invagination of entire chloroplast (Nakamura et al., 2018) have been reported for the degradation of chloroplast contents. These pathways can be either ATG-dependent (arrows in black color) or ATG-independent (arrows in red color). ATG8, Autophagy-related protein 8; ATI1, ATG8 interacting protein 1; ATI-PS body, ATI1-GFP Labels Plastid-Associated Body; CV, CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION; CCV, CV-containing vesicles; RCB, Rubisco-containing body; PUB4, PLANT U-BOX 4; SAG12, Senescence-associated gene 12; SSTG, small starch granule-like structure; SG, starch granule; SAV, senescence-associated vacuole; VIPP, VESICLE INDUCING PROTEIN IN PLASTID1.