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. 2019 Mar 26;10:602. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00602

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Copyright © 2019 Shih, Liao, Tseng, Deng and Lin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cell wall thickness was significantly reduced in both the ada2Δ strain and the chitosan-treated wild-type SC5314 strain. (A) Five individual cells from TEM images obtained at 8,000× magnification were randomly selected, and their cell wall thickness was measured at 30,000× magnification using DigitalMicrograph software. (B) Thirty sites around the circumference of each selected cell were measured. The cell wall thickness of ada2Δ cells was significantly lower than that of wild-type SC5314 cells. Chitosan-treated wild-type SC5314 cells showed a statistically significant reduction in cell wall thickness comparable to that seen in ada2Δ cells. The values are the means ± SDs of at least three experimental replicates. ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 compared with the value for untreated wild-type SC5314 cells. Statistical significance was determined using Student’s t-test.