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. 2019 Mar 26;10:598. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00598

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Copyright © 2019 Liu, Qin, Song, Feng, Lv, Xue, Liu, Wang, Zhu, Ma and Yang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Exclusive breastfeeding significantly restores the gut microbiota of cesarean delivered infants. (A) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on unweighted UniFrac distances is shown along the first two principal coordinate (PC) axes with Adonis p-value. Percentages are the percent variation explained by each PC axis. Individual samples are represented by yellow points (CB) and green triangles (CM). Comparison of the within-groups (B) and between-groups (C) unweighted UniFrac distances of CB and CM infants. Shorter distance indicated greater similarity between microbial community composition. Significant difference was determined by Mann-Whitney U-test (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001). (D) Enriched taxa of different level from CB infants with a positive linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score are shown in yellow; CM infants with negative LDA score are shown in green (cut off value ≥3). (E) Comparison of relative abundance of Enterococcus, Veillonella, and Faecalibacterium among VB, CB, and CM infants. VB, vaginally delivered and exclusive breastfed; CB, cesarean delivered and exclusive breastfed; CM, cesarean delivered and mixed-fed.