Table 2.
Characteristics of infants by delivery mode and feeding pattern (n = 94).
| Mean ±SD or n (%) | 1P-value | Mean ±SD or n (%) | 1P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All (N = 94) | Cesarean delivery (N = 34) | Vaginal delivery (N = 60) | Exclusive breast-fed (N = 67) | Mixed-fed (N = 27) | ||
| Maternal age | 32.6 ± 3.6 | 33.4 ± 3.3 | 32.1 ± 3.7 | 0.11 | 32.8 ± 3.7 | 31.8 ± 3.4 | 0.28 |
| Gestational age (week ± day) | 39.1 ± 1.2 | 38.9 ± 0.9 | 39.3 ± 1.4 | 0.03 | 39.1 ± 1.2 | 39.3 ± 1.4 | 0.30 |
| Sampling time | 49.4 ± 7.9 | 49.2 ± 6.9 | 49.5 ± 8.4 | 0.96 | 50.2 ± 8.3 | 47.3 ± 6.1 | 0.12 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3327.0 ± 381.7 | 3395.9 ± 417.4 | 3288.0 ± 357.6 | 0.14 | 3315.9 ± 392.2 | 3354.4 ± 359.2 | 0.51 |
| Infant weight at 6 weeks (g) | 5553.4 ± 840.7 | 5537.3 ± 980.5 | 5562.5 ± 758.9 | 0.65 | 5477.3 ± 868.1 | 5816.7 ± 716.9 | 0.05 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | 22.7 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 2.8 | 22.2 ± 3.5 | 0.03 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | 22.7 ± 3.2 | 1 |
| Gender | 0.07 | 0.41 | |||||
| Male | 53 (56.4) | 15 (44.1) | 38 (71.7) | 36 (53.7) | 17 (63.0) | ||
| Female | 41 (43.6) | 19 (55.9) | 22 (36.7) | 31 (46.3) | 10 (37.0) | ||
| Delivery mode | – | ||||||
| Vaginally delivered | 60 (63.8) | – | – | 43 (64.2) | 17 (63.0) | 0.91 | |
| Cesarean delivered | 34 (36.2) | – | – | 24 (35.8) | 10 (37.0) | ||
| Feeding pattern | 0.91 | – | |||||
| Exclusively breastfed | 67 (71.3) | 24 (70.6) | 43 (71.7) | – | – | ||
| Mixed-fed | 27 (28.7) | 10 (29.4) | 17 (28.3) | – | – | ||
| Supplement of probiotics | 42 (44.7) | 17 (50) | 25 (41.7) | 0.435 | 34 (50.7) | 8 (29.6) | 0.06 |
1P-value determined by Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test or Fisher’s exact test.