Fig. 1.

Tumorigenic effect of truncated retinoid X receptor α (tRXRα) in colitis-associated colon cancer mouse model. a Schematic representation of the azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) procedure. i.p. intraperitoneal. b Body weight curve of control wild-type (WT) and Tg-tRXRα mice during the course of AOM/DSS colitis. Data are mean ± SEM (standard error of the mean, n = 7), two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). c Average tumor size. Each dot represents a tumor. Data are mean ± SD (standard deviation, n = 10), t test. d Average tumor number. Each dot represents the tumor number of one individual mouse. Data are mean ± SD (n = 10), t test. e Tumor size distribution. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 10), two-way ANOVA. f Colon tumor sections from mice treated with AOM/DSS at 120 days were microscopically analyzed and examined for microscopic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Scale bars, 50 μm. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 10/8), t test. g Role of tRXRα in promoting DSS-induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Schematic representation of the 2.5% DSS procedure (top panel). Colon sections from mice treated with DSS for 6 months were microscopically analyzed and examined for microscopic ACF after H&E. Scale bars, 100 μm. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 10), t test. h Role of tRXRα in promoting AOM-induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Schematic representation of the AOM (10 mg/kg) procedure (top panel). Colon sections from mice treated with AOM for 6 months were microscopically analyzed and examined for microscopic ACF after H&E. Scale bars, 100 μm. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6); ns not significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001