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. 2019 Apr 1;9:5442. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41901-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scatter plots of mean Ba/La whole-rock ratios vs. volcanic gas CO₂/S_T ratios (panels A, D and G), whole-rock Sr/Nd ratios (panels B, E and H) and whole-rock U/Th ratios (panels C, F and K) for three arc segments (left, Central America; middle, Southern America; right Sunda-Banda arc in Indonesia). Each symbol corresponds to an individual volcano for which gas and trace element information is simultaneously available (see Tables S1a–c for the list of volcanoes, compositions used, and data sources). The gas vs. trace element correlations are explained in terms of mixing between a C-Ba-Sr-U-poor Depleted Mid-ocean ridge Mantle (DMM) and C-Ba-Sr-U-rich slab fluids. C-poor arc volcanoes (Group 1, in green) plot close to the DMM, while Group 2 arc volcanoes (in yellow) are C-enriched to larger slab fluid influx. The even more C-rich signature of Group 3 arc volcanoes (in red) may reflect some addition of crustal carbon³⁶. For each arc segment, panels A, D, and G show the best-fit regression functions used to predict the volcanic gas CO₂/S_T ratios for “unmeasured” volcanoes (open symbols; see Tables 1 and S1b–d). The grey lines illustrate (for two “unmeasured” volcano examples) the procedure used to convert whole-rock Ba/La ratios into gas CO₂/S_T ratios, using the equations of the best-fit regression lines.